1887] History of Garden Vegetables. 329 
Dolichos unguiculatus and twelve named varieties of the cow 
pea, and all have a circle of black about the white eye, also 
one variety of cow pea all black, with a white eye, and one red 
speckled form without the black. It seems, therefore, reasonable 
to conclude that the fase/us of Albertus Magnus was a Dolichos. 
In the list of vegetables Charlemagne ordained to be planted on 
his estates occurs the word fasiolum, without explanation." 
Passing now to the Roman writers, Columella? speaks of the 
“longa fasellus,’ an epithet which well applies to the pods of 
the Dolichos; he gives directions for field culture and not for 
garden culture, recommending the seeding to be four modii per 
jugerum, and he recommends planting in October. Pliny? says 
the pods are eaten with the seed, and the planting is in October 
and November. Palladius* recommends the planting of faselus 
in September and October, in a fertile and well-tilled soil, four 
modu per jugerum. Virgil’s5 epithet, “vilemque phaselum,” 
also indicates field culture, as to be cheap implies abundance. 
Among the Greek writers, Aetius,® in the fourth century, says 
the Dolichos and the phaseolus of the ancients were now called by 
all Zobos, and by some melar (smilax ?) kepea. This word /odos of 
Aetius is recognizable in the Arabic /oudta? applied to Dolichos 
lubia Forsk., a bean with low stalks, the seed ovoid, white, with 
a black point at the eye. Galen® says the /odos was called by 
some phasiolos. 
_ From these and other clues to be gleaned here and there from 
the Greek authors, Iam disposed to think that the low bean of 
the ancients was a Dolichos, and that the word phaselus referred 
to this bean whenever used throughout the middle ages in geal 
ing of a field crop. 
The Roman references to phaseolus all refer to a low-growing 
bean fitted for field culture, and so used. There is no clear indi- 
cation to be found of garden culture. Aetius seems the first 
among the Greeks to refer to a garden sort, for he says the /odos 
are the only kind in which the pod is eaten with the bean, and 
z Quoted from De Candolle, Orig. des Pl. cin 272: 
2 Columella, lib. x. 1. 378; lib. ii. c. ro; lib. xi. c. 2. 
3 Pliny, lib. xviii. c. 33. 4 Palladius, lib. x. c. 12; lib, xi. 
s Virgil, Georgics, i. 227. © Quoted by Bodzeus a Stapel, PAREPA A 1644, 925- 
7 Delile, Mem. sur les Pl. cult. en Egypte, 24. 
8 Galen, De Aliment, c. xxviii. 
