1887] The Natural Sciences in Sweden. 41i 
leaders, always accompanied by a staff of younger and enthusi- 
astic naturalists, brought home very large zoological collections, 
and in that way our “ Riksmuseum” grew. I believe it now con- 
tains the most complete series,of Arctic European and Asiatic 
invertebrates, especially of the marine ones. 
. Lovén was the first to start these expeditions, going, as he 
did, to Spitzbergen in 1837. Professor O. Torell made four 
expeditions to Iceland, Spitzbergen, and Greenland, the last one 
in 1861, The expeditions of Nordenskiold of more recent dates, 
following the lead of Lovén, are too well known to require any 
further mention. 
As the first expeditions mostly were directed to Spitzbergen, 
the animal life of that Arctic region, through their efforts, was 
made thoroughly well known. 
A short enumeration of the more important papers written in 
regard to the collections from there, so far as I now can remem- 
ber them without going to original sources, may not be out of 
place in order to show how much these expeditions have con- 
tributed to zoological science. 
The mammals of Spitzbergen have been described by Quen- 
nerstedt, Malmgren, and C. H. Andersen; the birds by Sunde- 
vall, Malmgren, and Newton; the fishes by Malmgren; the in- 
sects by Boheman and A. E. Holmgren; the spiders by T. 
Torell; the crustaceans by Goés, G. O. Sars, and Lilljeborg; 
the molluscs by Lovén and O. Torell; the Bryozoa by F. A. 
Smitt; the annulates by Malmgren, and some other orders of 
worms by Goés; the Oligochzta by G. Eisen. The geographical 
distribution of the animals living in the seas surrounding Spitzber- 
gen has been treated of by Malmgren, Lovén, and Quennerstedt. 
As to the zoological results of Nordenskiold’s later expedi- 
tions to the Arctic Asiatic seas and to Siberia during the years 
1875, 1876, and 1878-80, I only may mention that of his com- 
panions Stuxberg has worked up the myriapods, the crustaceans, 
the echinoderms, and the general distribution of animals in those 
waters, while Théel has reported on the birds, worms, and 
holothurians; Nordquist, another companion of Nordenskiold, 
has written up the mammals. Most of the insects which I col- 
lected in Siberia, 1876, were described by Professor J. Sahlberg, 
in Helsingfors, who during the same year travelled in the land 
of the exiles. The insects collected during the other expedi- 
