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412 The Natural Sciences in Sweden. [ May 
tions have been treated of by Maklin and Chr. Aurivillius; 
Collembola by T. Tullberg; spiders by L. Koch, Kramer, and 
Neuman; molluscs by Leche, Carl, Aurivillins, and Westerlund; 
worms by Wiren; and Tunicatagby Swederus. 
In order to investigate the animal life of the seas surrounding 
our coasts, the government detached a gunboat, and paid the ex- 
penses and salaries of the scientists for a series of years, the last 
being 1879. The zoological exploration of our seas and inland 
waters, as well as that of our woods and fields, is, furthermore, 
encouraged by means of yearly contributions of money by the 
Academy of Sciences in Stockholm and by the universities, this 
money being the interest of funds donated or willed by private . 
persons or special appropriations by the Diet. As travelling in our 
country is cheap, and as the expeditions mostly are limited to a few 
months, the amounts fixed for each party are usually rather small. 
Larger amounts appropriated for travels for scientific purposes 
in foreign countries, and the rules and conditions in regard to 
these, are very different for every one of them. As these usually 
are the objects of considerable competition, they are distributed 
alternately between the different sciences. Thus, to mention an 
example, my present visit to North America, with the object of 
studying the fisheries of this continent, is due to such a stipend 
awarded by the Academy of Agriculture, which virtually repre- 
sents an administrative department of economy, This stipend 
is disposed of alternately by the academy just mentioned, the 
Academies of Sciences and Antiquities, and the two old univer- 
sities, 
About ten years ago a Swedish zoologist, Dr. G. Eisen, travel- : 
ling by means of the same stipend, went to California, whence 
he sent home his report and the different collections made, while 
remaining -there himself. The last zoologist to receive it was 
Dr. C. Bovallius, who spent it in travels through Centro-America. 
The studies of our Swedish salt-water animals have been 
greatly facilitated of late by the establishment of a permanent 
station or headquarters for these studies in a locality well suited 
for the purpose, being, as it is, sheltered by islands in such a 
way that dredgings can be done almost at any season and weather 
on different adot bottom and in various depths, up to one 
hundred ,in a bay close to the station. The amount 
needed Dein its aiioa believe about thirteen thousand 
