414 The Natural Sciences in Sweden. [May 
weeks, Within each of the chief divisions of the animal kingdom 
he treats separately of its anatomy, histology, and embryology, 
winding up by giving a review of the morphological classification 
of the group. Therefore a student, if not having had an oppor- 
tunity of attending more than one term of the lectures, will never- 
theless get a fair idea of the scientific treatment of at least one 
group in its entirety, and of the present state of our knowledge 
in regard to it, as well as of how much is still to be studied and 
investigated; he learns to recognize the common characteristics 
of the animals composing the group, and to judge of the probable 
courses its genera and species have followed in being evolved 
- from more generalized types. 
After having graduated with the degrees of candidate and licen- 
tiate of philosophy, and before becoming doctors, the students 
have to publish and in an official discussion defend a treatise 
relating to their special science. As I have the three last zoolog- 
ical dissertations handy, I brought them with me to this meeting 
as examples. The first one, by Wiren, is about the circulatory 
and digestive organs of some families of Annulata; the second, 
by Fristedt, on the Swedish sponges, and the third, by Appelldf, 
about Japanese cephalopods. 
At the recently established high school in Stockholm the 
study of zoology is carried on nearly on the same plan as in 
Upsala, but not to the same extent, nor with the same resources. 
Two young lady students—A. Carlson and C. Westling—at this 
high school have recently published some anatomical treatises, 
the only zoological papers ever written by any Swedish lady, as 
far as I know. 
The larger and more important works published by the Swe- 
dish zoologists of late years, as, for instance, Lovén’s Echino- 
derms, T. Torell’s Spiders, T. Tullberg’s Podurids and his histo- 
logical treatises, H. Théel’s “ Challenger” Holothurians. Lillje- 
borg’s Swedish Mammals and Fishes, Thomson’s Coleoptera, 
Neuman’s Hydrachnids, P. Olson’s Entozoa, etc., are more or 
less known on this side of the Atlantic, so that I need not 
mention them further. But the great work by Professor G. 
Retzius on the Morphology and Histology of the Ear of the 
_ Vertebrates, the most extensive Swedish zoological publication 
e o e aa failed to reach many of the natural 
Mer e ip thie. country, because he is a professor at an — 
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