£ 
1887] | Geology and Paleontology. 563 
of Charles III. it is probable that the population barely reached 
eight millions. Some figures given by Sr. Costanzo Stella in the 
London Times show clearly the progress of the country. The 
agricultural population, which was but three million six hundred 
and fifteen thousand eighty-five years ago, is now nine million 
three hundred and twenty-eight thousand, and the area cultivated 
has increased from fifty-three million acres to one hundred and 
ninety-three million five hundred thousand. The head of cattle 
have doubled since the commencement of the century, and the 
industrial population has trebled. In 1860 exports and imports 
together were only tyenirive million eight hundred thousand 
pounds, whereas they are now fifty-six millions. The wine of 
Spain, which two decades ago could not be broùght into the 
hundred and sixty-one million two hundred and fifty-six peon, 
rof. Miguel Marazta has discovered, in the Manes of Rebas 
Ce span): at ‘the end of the Eastern Pyrenees, a race of 
e than four feet high. All eek i hair, broad 
rg realy dele | jaws, flat noses, and rather oblique eyes. 
A few hairs take the place of a beard in the males, and the sexes 
are very muchalike. The lips do not quite cover the large, pro- 
jecting incisors. They live by themselves, intermarry, an 
no chance of improvement. Are they the remnants of some old 
Mongoloid stock ? 
The last French census (May, 1886) shows an increase of only 
one per cent. per annum, and the last German census one of .71 
per cent. per annum. In both cases this is a decrease in the rate, 
Germany, as well as France, having commenced to proportion its 
increase to the means of subsistence. 
GEOLOGY AND PALZZONTOLOGY. 
The Sea-Saurians of the Fox Hills Cretaceous.—Th 
tiles of the sea of the Fox Hills epoch possess considerable 
interest as being the last of their race; for the next epoch (the 
Laramie) saw, as is well known, the beginnin of the lacustrine 
conditions which prevailed throughout the interior of Nort 
America, in one region or another, during the subsequent ages of 
Cenozoic time. The vertebrate fauna was more or less changed, 
especially so as regards the inhabitants of the waters. The most 
important modification of this kind with which we are acquainted 
is the extinction of the order Sauropterygia from the interior 
waters of North America. I have made some attempt to collect 
remains of these animals, but without any great success, for two 
reasons. One of these is the rarity of the specimens; the other 
is the disarticulated condition in which they are usually found. 
