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Psychology. 81 
canal and notochord. As the embryology of no member of the 
Ratite or Struthionidew has ever been studied, Dr. Haswell’s work 
when published will have no little value. 
PSYCHOLOGY. 
EVOLUTION AND IpEALISM.—The doctrine of idealism is natu- 
rally attractive to the minds that believe in mind. To feel that 
mind is all in all, and is not bound to “ low material things,” is as 
agreeable to the metaphysician as it is to the seeker for immortality. 
Moreover, the doctrine seems to have a certain support from the 
scientific side. We know that our knowledge of what are vulgarly 
supposed to be the properties of matter, is not derived from a sin- 
gle sense, and we readily understand that those properties would 
appear to be greatly modified, were the number of our senses re- 
duced or increased. Moreover, we know from experience of the 
abnormal or diseased states, both of ourselves and of other men, 
that the appearances of the objective world may be wonderfully 
modified by changes in ourselves. The hallucinations of delirium 
and other forms of mental disorder, are matter of every-day knowl- 
edge ; and the illusions that may deceive even the healthy mind are 
equally well known. The question between the realist and the 
idealist is, what do these facts prove? 
ey certainly do not prove that a universe which presents in its 
parts, and therefore in its entirety, the two properties of extension 
and resistance, has no existence, They certainly do prove that our 
knowledge of such universe and of its parts is imperfect, It is to 
remedy this imperfection, and to enlarge our knowledge that many 
men spend much labor and time. And the knowledge thus acquired 
and exactly systematized, is called science. The pursuit of science 
postulates the existence of that which it pursues, not as states of 
consciousness, but as objective realities. There are reasons for the 
soundness of this view, which I propose briefly to enumerate. 
If a given supposed object be in reality a purely mental state on 
the part of the subject, a rational cause for the production of that 
State is wanting. But letting this difficulty pass for the time, and 
letting it be supposed that there is some apparent undefined cause 
ye the departure of the second person, it ceases to exist for him 
ut continues for the third person, and so on. In the presence of 
these facts, consistency requires one of two conclusions, on the part 
of the idealist; either he must deny the validity of the mental states 
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