224 Glacial Erosion in Norway. 
farther shown at Fondalen (Fig. 4), where a mass of ice thirty or 
forty feet thick abuts against a somewhat steep ridge of a rock, 
ten feet or less in height. In place of a stone-shod glacier sliding 
up and over the barrier, the lower part of the ice appears station- 
ary, or else is moving around the barrier, while the upper strata 
bends ‘and flows over the lower layers of ice (along the line Ah, 
Fig. 4). 
When the barrier to the advance of a glacier is met with, whether 
composed of hard rock, or of morainic matter, the ice, provided it 
be sufficiently high, flows over upon itself, yet when the sheet is no 
higher than the barrier, the lateral thrust may push it up some- 
what. The best example of the consequences of such a condition is 
X NV s if 
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AHA 
Fre. 5.—End of pty lege glacier at head of Holandsfjord, moving through a lake 
Mekat morainic barrier 
to be seen at Svartisen glacier (Fig. 5), at the head of Holandsfjord, 
which descends to within sixty feet of the sea, where it ends in a 
morainic lake of considerable size, the northern side of which is 
filled with the glacier. The water of the lake rises, in part, to the 
level of the ice, or over it, where the waves of the lake are depos- 
iting sand upon its surface. Part of the ice is not less than twenty- 
five feet thick, and most of it is probably double that thickness. 
Some of the strata of ice are pushed up and rest at 5° from the 
horizontal. But the interesting points are at the end of the glacier, 
where it impinges against the morainic barrier. Being unable to 
advance, the lateral pressure has forced up an anticlinal ridge or 
rather dome in the ice, to a height of fifteen feet, along whose axis 
there has been a fracture and fault. Upon this uplifted dome rests 
the undisturbed sand stratified in perfect conformity to the surface, 
which was formerly just below the level of the lake, As the ice 
about the line of fracture melts, the sand falls over and leaves & 
sand cone, of which there were CORED at the end of the 
lake, and two in the centre—but the nuclei of the mounds were of 
