Holsts Studies in Glacial Geology. 593 
above the ice. Of the moraines may be especially mentioņed the 
morain-osar, deposited on the ice parallel to its border, and in undu- 
lating or even horseshoe-curved lines, following at some distance the 
headlands jutting into the ice-sheet. These moraines Dr. Holst 
proposes to call border-moraines (‘ rand-moriiner ”). 
The ice within a hundred feet from its borders invariably presents 
a slope toward the border, though generally not so steep as to ren- 
der the ascent at all difficult. Farther in the slope is much less 
marked, though there appears to exist a general rising toward the 
east, whilst the surface everywhere presents vast undulations. 
The border of the ice appeared to have retreated quite recently in 
many places; in others it had evidently advanced. This seems to 
be the necessary effect of the varying amount of precipitation of 
snow or rain over the glacier-basin, causing the glacier itself to vary 
in volume. The snow fallen during the winter seems to remain 
much longer on the inland ice than on the land. Thus, at Atarngup, 
above the Tassiussak-f jord, on the 25th of June the inland ice was 
covered with snow. At the Fredrikshaab glacier, on the 4th of 
July, the snow had melted near land and around the “ nunataks,” 
but remained over a great part of the ice-sheet, although numerous 
bare spots were visible. Still later in the season—by the middle of 
September—Dr. Holst made an excursion over the inland ice to 
the north of the Kipissako glacier. All the snow from the last 
winter had disappeared, but some new snow, blended with rain, had 
fallen and frozen to a thin crust over the ice. 
On the surface the inland ice either presented the appearance of a 
compact mass of coarse crystallinic texture, reminding of the grain 
of common rock-candy, or else it is honeycombed by the solar heat 
and shows intersecting systems of parallel plates, apparently the 
remnants of large ice-crystals, often several inches long, which have 
wasted away, only leaving the frame, as it were, on which they were 
built. These plates or tablets are highly mirroring, reflecting the 
Solar rays in all directions, depending on the position of each indi- 
vidual crystal. The ice in the wild, mountainous regions of 
Southern Greenland is, as a matter of course, very much broken up 
by crevasses, Wherever the ice pushes forward and downward over 
an escarpment of the underlying ledge these crevasses, with great 
regularity, cross the direction or course of the glacier. Of most 
frequent occurrence, however, are the cracks which run at right 
Angles to the borders of the inland ice. 
