Holst’s Studies in Glacial Geology. 595 
considerably in quantity. In many places, especially far inland, the 
kryokonite spreads only as a light shade over the ice, whilst near to 
land it exists in far greater abundance. At Fredrikshaab’s ice-blink 
the border-ice was dirty from immixture of kryokonite and separated 
from the higher-located, cleaner ice by a sharply-defined line parallel 
to the foot of the inland ice, this line having an elevation of six 
hundred feet over the foot of the ice. 
The kryokonite has a dirty gray color, and upon superficial 
inspection appears like clay ; but, on closer examination, it will 
ound to consist of very fine sand. Quite often it is formed in little 
balls as big as beans, which readily absorb heat from the sun, caus- 
ing the underlying ice to melt, so as to produce the so-called “ organ- 
pits.” It may occasionally be washed down with the thaw-water 
from the higher places and then accumulate in patches. On the 
Arsuk glacier some such patches, about one square foot each in 
extent, were covered with kryokonite to a depth of three inches. 
It is not always easy to tell the difference between moraine-sand an 
kryokonite on the ice-rivers, where the moraine matter exists in 
every grade of fineness—from coarse gravel and sand to nearly im- 
palpable dust, like the kryokonite. On the higher parts of theinland 
ice, where no moraines are found, this difference does not exist. 
The following table shows the chemical composition of the kryo- 
konite. No. 1 was a sample taken by Baron Nordenskiöld on lat. 
68° 20’ N. Nos. 2-6 were taken by Dr. Holst. For comparison 
is added an analysis (A) of gneiss from Ostergothland, according to 
n. 
Dr. H. Santesso 
ee 1 4 5 6. 2 
Silicie acid.......... 62.25] 62.98, 62.74 56.30| 609.67)  60.55|63.72 
Sate eee ame eaae. 0.3 easesreee = =—6«| ERNE L a, AA ssererese KEITTESLIPTET 
Alumina EO 4.93} 12.24) 14.18 (P| 16.45) 15.63) 14.97/15. 
proxide of iron...| 0.74 Cee cc. A Stn cen 2.74 
Mo otide m oe ey { 3.90 4.10 6.35 6.28) 4.31 
anganous oxide! 0.07 0.32 0.92 0.54 1.10 0.14 1.29 
ickelou r AS NONG! issesssrs -of erresa] csrl. aoii poom 
Cobaltous  « J None) anst O p oats eian nini 
ae ATOR OO E EE 3.01 2.44 2.87 2.54) 1.40 
A 5.09 5.61 3.02 3.62 3.70 3 78| 3. 
GA jeemsrreesss 4.01 7.75 3.47 4,94, 3.79} = 3.70} 1.64 
ptah sss sensaren 2.02 2.22 1.26 2.52 2.52 2.99) 3.72 
C aprons acid..| O11. None ne | aad] aaa eee ia 
Florine. i ce DOO! cal aaae 2 sacha eae dicing 
MB s.. 3an 9.98) «4,95 9.69} 4.78] 4.89) 1.00 
| | - 
100.12! 100.10] 100.60" 109.91! 99.79' 99.28 
' Including hygroscopic water, 0.34. 
