616 Cerebrology in Phrenology. 
more recently and thoroughly studied. We now know that there 
are centres in the brain of man for the speech faculty above the 
temple, and thence backward and upward to the upper back part of 
the head are arm and leg centres; auditory mental impressions 
being registered in the brain above the upper ear tip; a centre for 
visual function being in the occipital end of the cerebrum. The 
frontal brain is known to contribute to intellectual processes, for its 
injury degrades the character. This approximately sketches what 
has become positively known, and the illustration further assists the 
comprehension of these facts. The touch sense centres are distrib- 
uted over the brain coincidentally, with motor centres for the same 
parts, i.e., arm motor and sensory areas are in the same part of the 
brain. 
Spaces intervening between the areas may readily be conceived to 
be filled with fibrils and cells that interrelate these and other func- 
tions complexly, the frontal portion compound complexly. 
Sir Charles Bell remarked that “ we ought to define the hand as 
belonging exclusively to man.” Upon the increased dexterity in 
the use of fingers in the arts and sciences, which dexterity, in turn, 
develops brain centres, depends, largely, increased intelligence. 
Manipulation and vocal training enlarge the “symbolic field” of 
the brain (the speech, arm and leg centres before mentioned), situ- 
ated along the sulcus of Rolando. Man is distinctively the sym- 
bolic animal, and whether these symbols are written, spoken or ges- 
ticulated, they serve purposes of intelligent intercourse, and upon 
this fact is based man’s supremacy over other animals, and his 
higher faculties are superimposed thereupon. 
When the portions of the brain allotted to control of body extrem- 
ities are diseased, the dependent loss of function follows, but not 
necessarily involving mental loss; for example, if the injury is * 
the summit of the sulcus of Rolando, upon one side of the brain, 
the body is paralyzed upon the opposite side. The “blank spaces” 
between these centre areas afford debatable ground, for often injury 
in such parts has been followed by no discovered consequence. My 
opinion is that the effects have not been looked for in the proper 
direction ; for, while destruction limited to these blank parts does 
not occasion loss of observable function (the arms, legs, speech may 
be unaffected), there will be found an attendant lowering of the 
