706 Holsts Studies in Glacial Geology. 
need not go very far from the coast line to reach an altitude of 1,000 
feet, and peaks 3,000 to 4,000 feet high are by no means scarce. 
As a consequence of this topographic peculiarity the soils are here 
very different from those in Sweden, and particularly noticeable 
is the exceedingly thin layer that covers the mopentains. This is 
true in the same degree as the surface is more or less broken, and 
it is only in the narrow mountain passes that soil exists to any 
considerable depth. This is worth noticing in comparison with the 
well-known fact in Sweden that the outcrops of rock are most 
abundant where the land is high and broken, the explanation of 
which seems to be that, in a much-broken tract of ice-covered land, 
the lower parts of the ice must have but a slight motion, whilst its 
upper parts meet with but few points for their attacks. 
As for the moraines of Greenland, they are essentially only 
ground-moraines, and inner-moraines, and, as a special form of 
those, one will also find border-moraines and terminal-moraines. 
Where the ice runs out to form ice streams, can be observed lateral 
moraines and, in exceptional cases, middle-moraines ; these last two 
kinds are of minor importance. ` ‘ 
The unmixed ground-moraine rarely comes to view, owing to its 
position beneath the inland-ice and under the other forms of mo- 
raines, It may, however, be observed at the side of a jokel-gate 
(ice-arch) or other cut in the edge of the inland ice, its character- 
istic features being rounded and scratched boulders imbedded m 4 
clayey mass of bluish color due to the presence of iron salts of lower 
oxidation. It is far more common to find material from a as 
moraine mixed in among inner-moraines. ‘Thus, at Kangarss 
and Arsuk, Dr. Holst found boulders undoubtedly belonging tO a 
ground-moraine scattered among the more sharp-angled material 
* These mountains are quite often conical in shape, which has upari 
ted the Danish name “Suckertoppen ” to one of the villages 0t ¥: 
Greenland. .The Esquimaux often apply to such mountains the ner 
Umanak (from Umat, heart). One island with that name 1s loca i 
off the Arsuk fjord. It is only 600 feet in diameter, but reaches & helg 
of 1,700 feet. ; t Pus- 
*The greatest altitude in Götaland (South Sweden) is found a ee" 
taniis in Smaland, only 1,237 feet ; the highest mountain in Sve: ar 
(Central Sweden) is Stidjan, 3,961 feet. The highest point in pee the 
(North Sweden) is Kebnekaisse, a peak in the extreme north © 
Kingdom, with an altitude of 7,194 feet. 
