Derivation of the Domestie Polled Breeds. 797 
There were numerous introductions of foreign blood into Gallo- 
way; to give an instance: “Admiral Keith Stewart lately intro- 
duced [into Galloway] a beautiful Argyllshire bull, which he con- 
sidered to have made the greatest improvement of any on the coun- 
try breed” (Agr. Rep. of Galloway, p. 22). That does not look as 
if the breed was polled. And Aiton says, “Stories were told of 
bulls being brought from England—north and west—which ban- 
ished their [the Galloways’] horns for them.” Some also think that 
it was on the introduction of the Irish moyl that the polled char- 
acter dates. As Gilbert shows, there was a continuous interchange 
of cattle between the border counties of England and Scotland. 
And,as shown by Storer, Low, and the early historians, and our- 
selves, the tendency of cattle was continually from the north of 
Scotland to the south, and not vice versa. So that it is difficult to 
trace a straight line descent for the Galloway, as can be done for 
the Aberdeen-Angus, whose country was never so invaded. The 
latter were the real ranche cattle of early Britain, and were the first 
to open up the highways from the north to the south. 
THE NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK Rep POLLED BREED. 
This East Anglian breed of polled cattle is an amalgamation 
between the “old Norfolk” horned race and the “old Suffolk” 
polled. The latter could hardly escape having “acquired its horn- 
less character from contact with the white variety maintained at 
some of the old establishments in the district,” i.e., the herds of 
polled cattle in the parks already described. It was not till 1846 
that there had been such an amalgamation between the old Suffolk 
with the old Norfolk as to entitle the two varieties to be recognized 
a8 one breed. There is in the lobby at Raynham Hall a picture of 
Starling, a cow of the old Norfolk breed, in the thirty-sixth year 
ive age, which preserves to us the apparent character of this old 
Mr. R. E. Lofft gives the following account of the evolution of 
this race :— 
“The origin of the present breed of Red Polls is perfectly well 
known, About a hundred years ago the native cow of Norfolk, a 
variety peculiar to the county, of a red color, with a white face, and 
horned, was crossed with the Suffolk polled bull, with a view, 
