888 Something about Crabs. 
salivary, their secretion diluting the poison. The two efferent ducts, 
one from each set of glands, carry forward and commingle the 
venomo-salivary products in the main duct: and the stream is then 
carried by the main duct to the reservoir at the base of the hypo- 
pharynx. There is no other exit for the contained fluid. I see 
muscles apparently inserted on the frame-work of this reservoir 
(Fig. 1, m); but Dimmock seems to think that the hypopharynx is 
not furnished with muscles. However this may be, the pressure 
exerted on it by the surrounding parts, when the mosquito inserts 
its piercing apparatus into the flesh or through the epidermis of a 
plant, is sufficient to propel the poison through the tubular axis of 
the hypopharynx into the wound. The reservoir must be furnished 
with a valve to prevent the reflux of the secretion. The distal ori- 
fice of the hypopharynx is not exactly terminal, but sub-apical, as 
is usually the case with fangs; the very tip is somewhat flattened 
and sharp, so as to enter easily into and to enlarge the wound made 
by the adjoining organs. 
Careful observations are needed as to the behavior of mosquitoes 
on plants; as to the condition of the hypopharynx and the glands 
in the males and in the larve. The observations here noted were ` 
made on the adult females of Culex (C. teniorhynchus Desv.), and 
on a species of the allied genus Anopheles, which is characterized 
by its long maxillary palps. 
Princeton College, Sept. 18, 1888. 
SOMETHING ABOUT CRABS. 
BY J. S. KINGSLEY. 
{ SA BEBER, crusty, cancer, canker, are terms which at once recall 
to most persons various disagreeable features and more serious 
ailments of human beings; to the naturalist they at once suggest 
the crabs and the group Crustacea to which these animals belong. 
There must be some reason why the crabs have thus acquired this 
bad name which goes even farther than indicated above. They 
are by common consent regarded as ill-tempered, ready to pinch 
