Embryology. 1133 
spinal ganglia get carried up with the closing in of the neural tube, 
nd come to lie between its lips, but are quite distinct from the 
central nervous system, and the line of boundary between the two 
can always be distinguished. After the closure of the epiblastic 
folds the ‘ Anlagen ° grow out of their position between the lips of 
the neural tube, and acquire their first and only connection with it 
by the probable growth of fibres from the ganglia into the central 
nervous system. The neural cranial ganglia also grow towards the 
lateral epiblast at the level of the notochord, and fuse with it. 
Here are the Anlagen of the lateral or branchial sense organs of 
Froriep and myself. From this fusion in all vertebrates form- 
elements pass into the cranial ganglia; these form-elements I dis- 
tinguish as lateral ganglia. The parapodial ganglia of Annelids 
appear to be homologous with the spinal ganglia of vertebrates, as 
Kleinenberg suggested, and also more or less with the neural.cranial 
ganglia. 
“The anterior roots of cranial and spinal nerves arise as out- 
growths of ganglia situate in the central nervous system. To form 
em, cells leave the nervous system and are distributed in the 
nerve. All the anterior roots at first contain many nuclei, which 
are of nervous and not parablastic origin. These statements on 
the anterior roots are only a confirmation of Balfour’s researches. 
“In addition to the four elements of the anterior and renee 
roots, two ganglionated and sensory, two motor and unganglionated, 
distinguished by Gaskell, Hill, and partially by His, the cranial 
nerves contain a fifth element, derived from the lateral or branchial 
sense organs. Such are, in very brief form, the main results of the 
researches recorded in the preceding paper.” 
Dr. Beard shows that the so-called “ neural ridge” of Balfour is 
developed from a portion of the epiblast hitherto overlooked by | 
embryologists, and extending along either side of the medullary 
plate, and that it precedes by a very considerable interval of time 
appearance of the “neural ridge” to which it gives rise and 
from which the spinal and sympathetic or neural ganglia are subse- 
quently developed. 
Further observations have been communicated by Dr. Beard to 
the Anatomischer Anzeiger, III., No. 29, 1888, pp. 875-884 (to be 
continued in No. 30) on this same subject. His completed results will 
be published in three parts: Part I., discussing the development of 
the peripheral nerves in Elasmobranchs and Birds; Part II., Frog, 
Triton and Lacerta; Part III., Mammalia. Of these, only Part 
I. has yet appeared in the journal cited below in full. . : 
It is stated in the conclusion of the first part of the article in the 
Anatomischer Anzeiger (p. 884), “ It can be proved embryologically 
_ that of the following cranial ganglia each and every one is made 
up of two parts, a neural part and a lateral part, which are devel- 
