64 The American Naturalist. [January, 
of the whole system of plants warrants the assertion that these Ben- 
thamian “series” are entitled to no higher rank. The so-called 
“orders” of the manuals are, in fact, no more than families, and these in 
the flowering plants have become greatly multiplied. 
The apetalous families of Dicoyledons are not regarded as constitut- 
ing a separate group, but are distributed among the Chori petale and 
Gamopetalz. In both Monocotyledons and Dicolyledons the apocar- 
pous families are regarded as primitive and lower, and the syncarpous 
as higher; and among the latter the epigynous are regarded as higher 
than the hypogynous. 
SYNOPSIS. 
Branch I. PROTOPHYTA (Protophytes; Water-Slimes). 
Single cells, or chains of cells, reproducing by fission and endo- 
spores, _ 
Class 1. Scnizopuycear. f Order C 
(Fission Algæ.) 1 Order N 
Branch II. PHYCOPHYTA (Phycophytes; Spore-Tangles). 
ystiphorae (Blue-green Slimes), 
ematog (N , Bacteria, etc.). 
Single cells, chains, or masses, the latter sometimes forming a branch- 
ing plant with rhizoids, Sexual reproduction by the union of two pro- 
toplasts to form a single resting-spore (zygospore or odspore). 
Order Protoccoidea Green-Slimes, Synchytria, ete,). 
Class 2. CHLOROPHYCEAE. | Order Conjugatae (Ponds “gin , etc. } 
(Green Algæ.) } Order Siphoniae (Green-Felts wny Mildews, etc.). 
(Order Confervoideae (Water-Flannels c.) 
5 Stc.). 
Class 3. Puarornycear, f Order Phaeosporeae (Kelps). 
(Brown Algæ.) Order Dictyoteae. 
. Order Fucoideae (Rockweeds), 
Branch III. CARPOPHYTA (Carpophytes; Fruit-Tangles). 
Chains, plates or masses of cells, the latter often forming a branch- 
ing plant with rhizoids, Sexual reproduction (where known) by the 
union of two protoplasts to form a spore-fruit (sporocarp). 
Class 4. COLEOCHAETEAE. { Order Coleochaetaceae (Simple Fruit-Tangles). 
Order Ustilagineae (Smuts), 
“Imperfect Fungi.” io Me anka arave 
« Order Hyphomyceteae, 
Ses Beng (Qs paren Cette 
Class7. RHODOPHYCEAR, 4 Order Florideae (Red Seaweeds), 
Class 8. CHAROPHYCEAE. { Order 
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