TTA 
1894.] Archeology and Ethnology. 355 
ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 
Progress of Field Work of the Department of American 
and Prehistoric Archeology of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania.—Further search for proof of Man’s great antiquity in North 
America has led to an exploration, in November, 1893, of the chalk 
gorges in southern Texas, where rumor reported the discovery of hu- 
man relics mixed with the bones of the Mammoth and Fossil Horse. 
But the alleged sites of artificial hornstone chips and of human inter- 
ments examined in the San Diego-gorge, (Duval County, Texas), 
belonged not to the fossil-bearing layers but to a talus, which, ming- 
ling modern surface loam with ancient underplaced chalk, has greatly 
obscured the record of the freshet-torn ravine. 
Further negative evidence, again illustrating the difficulties to be 
encountered in the search for human relics in the ancient layers of 
these parched water courses, was found in the deeper gorge of Indian 
Creek, near Berclair, (Bee County, Texas), which, like that at San 
Diego, had in recent years furnished shelter and stagnant drinking 
water to roving Indian bands. Here artificial chips and fire-frac- 
tured stones falling from the loamy crest of a fossil-bearing bluff lay 
not far from the teeth of the extinct American Horse in an indiscrimi- 
nate talus below, while the clear, water-eroded cuts, exposing for more 
than a mile the stratification, (chalk and pebbles, marl and sand 6 to 
18 feet and surface loam 2 to 8 feet), showed no human relic in situ to 
prove that Man in southern Texas had ever been the contemporary of 
the Mammoth, the Broad-Horned Ox and the Fossil Horse. 
Turning again to the record of caves for the traces of Man as a 
possible predecessor of the Indian and contemporary of an older 
fauna in the Eastern United States, the dry, well-lit and easily access- 
ble Cavern of Lookout Mountain, on the left Tennessee River bank, 
below Chattanooga, was examined in December, 1893. Four trenches, 
6 feet wide and 5 feet 10 inches to 3 feet deep, dug twice to rock bottom 
across its floor, proved that Man had lived there. But they surprised 
us by showing the absence. of distinct layers of occupancy separated 
by crusts of stalagmite, clay, sand or breccia, marking lapses of time 
between his comings and goings. Here, where the cave’s shelter must 
have been forced upon the notice of primitive people by the narrow- 
ness of the river path and the height of the overhanging cliff, but a 
Single bed of refuse, homogeneous throughout and showing no evolu- 
