358 © The American Naturalist. (April, 
It was the quarry “Turtleback ” of the pot making stone polishing 
Indian, that first fairly roused attention, and troubled us with the fear 
lest the Trenton “ Turtlebacks” resembling it, had slipped down into 
the glacial gravels. 
Some of the quarry “Turtlebacks” (viz., the spade like outlines 
from Garland Co., Arkansas), were big. Some (as the 4 inch long 
specimens from Macungie, Pa., and Flint Ridge, Ohio), were little 
Some were made of pebbles (Piney Branch), some of native rock, 
some of Jasper, some (Gaddis’ Run) of argillite, some were tolerably 
thinned before they left the quarry (Piney Branch and Flint Ridge). 
Others (Gaddis’ Run) were not, some were leaf shaped, some rather 
triangular, others discoidal. 
Still there was a family resemblance, and it seemed after examining 
thirteen American quarries east of the Rocky Mountains, that certain 
universal laws for blade chipping in the stone age had been ‘discov- 
ered, for instance, that as the Indian quarrymen were yet Indians 
though they left no “ Indian Relics ” at the diggings, so the Drift Man 
(if he existed), though he left nothing but “Turtlebacks” in the 
Drift, might really have been a stone polisher and potter after all. 
But to find arrowheads close by the pits at Flint Ridge, Macungie, 
and Saucon Creek, pitted hammerstones at Gaddis’ Run, polished 
stone tools at Durham, and pointed wooden billets at Macungie, limi- 
ted the ground for such inference, and as we may hope to find a rot- 
ting fuse or rusty iron drill under a heap of belgian blocks at a modern 
quarry, so there seems a chance of finding polished stone tools, arrow: 
heads and pottery in the Drift, if the Drift Man made such things. 
The fact that the Indians had quarried the stone, blocked it out into 
blade forms, rejected some of these, worked others into oft buried 
“blanks” and specialized the latter into spears and knives, seemed at 
first to indicate that an implement to be finished, and therefore to 
fairly represent the culture of its maker ought to be specialized. But 
the rule would not work always. The “Turtleback” Y j 
neglected brother of all chipped stone tools. What at Fort on. 
Dakota, (as seen by Dr. Leidpin 1870) were serviceable ine 
(Teshoas) chipped by Indians from pebbles at a single blow, T pn 
Washington quarry refuse chips. The flakes that were rubbish a 
Macungie and Flint Ridge, were hoarded together and carefully a f 
in Florida Mounds. If we went abroad we found in the Easter z e 
knives, Admiralty Island, spears and Australian gum-mounted ae 
ters, implements which were finished but yet unspecialized ; an a 
Ernest Volk showed us that “Turtleback” labelling might 8° oo 
