538 The American Naturalist. [June, 
to intemperance, rioting in debauchery, without regard to marriage 
ties or the bars of consanguinity, and propagating a criminal popula- 
tion of degenerate beings. For it is furthermore a matter of observa- 
tion that this criminal class constitutes a degenerate or morbid variety 
of mankind, marked by peculiar low physical and mental characteris- 
tics, * * x * * * * Their family likeness betrays them as fellows by 
the hand of nature marked, quoted, and signed to doa deed of shame.” 
For obvious reasons, I have taken the liberty of italicizing certain 
words in the above quotation. A celebrated criminal lawyer of New 
York once told the writer that he could tell a recidivist at a glance, 
and that he never made a mistake in his diagnosis of moral obliquity. 
Professor Enrico Ferri, an Italian anthropologist, tells us that on one 
occasion he examined several hundred soldiers, and found only one 
whose face declared him acriminal. He afterwards ascertained that 
this man had committed murder. Lombroso submitted to thirty-two 
young girls the photographs of twenty thieves and twenty moral men. 
Eighty per cent. of these oe recognized the first as malefactors, the 
second as moral, upright men. Emile Gautier, who was, for a time, 
. confined in Lyons prison says that “these criminals have a general 
family resemblance, which makes them a class apart.” A warden of 
an eastern penetentiary (Sing-Sing) told the writer that there were not 
only twins in every prison, but there were “twins, triplets, quadrup- 
lets, ay! even twelvelets” (sic). An interesting point in connection 
with the criminal physiognomy is that it is to a large extent indepen- 
dent of nationality. The German criminal is not unlike the Italian, 
nor isthe French unlike the English criminal. M. Joly remarks, ‘1 
should say that in M. A. Bertillon’s’ office I was shown nearly sixty 
photographs of Irish, English, and American thieves. It would have 
been difficult in many cases to discern the Anglo-Saxon rather than 
any other physiognomy.* 
Now let us analyze the criminal type, feature by feature, and see 
what constitutes this universal and well-marked physiognomy. The 
observations of the writer when in pursuit of this analysis, were not 
confined to any particular class of criminals; he examined all classes. 
He soon discovered, however, that this distinctive type was to be found 
in the congenital recidivist alone. The occasional criminal and the 
criminal by calculation (the true professional criminal), were found to 
'Maudsley . Responsibility in Mental Disease, p. 29. 
Lombroso: L’Uomo Delinquente. 
*Haveloek Ellis: The Crimi 
“Havelock Ellis: The Criminal, p. 82 
