1894.] Psychology. ; 539 
be anatomically and physiologically normal. In the recidivist there 
is marked exaggeration of the cephalic indices. In a dolichocephalic 
recidivist the long head is very noticeable. The same exaggeration is 
found in brachycephalic recidivists. Oxycephalism (sugar-loaf head) 
is very frequently observed. In three hundred drawings taken from 
live and dead subjects by the writer, one hundred and ninety-eight 
are oxycephalic. Lauvergne says of this kind of head: “ When it 
is complete, that is to say, when it ‘presents a prominent base support- 
ing an inclined pyramid, more or less truncated, this head announces 
the monstrous alliance of the most eminent faculty of man, genius, 
with the most pronounced impulses to rape, murder, and theft.” The 
bilateral elevation of the sagittal suture (Benedikt’s lines’) has been 
noticed in the three of the six hundred, who form the class from which 
these deductions are drawn. Professor Benedikt considers these 
sutural elevations of great importance in criminal anthropology and 
in his book Kraniometrie und Kephalometrie says “ that, though rare, 
when present they are significant of great moral obliquity.” There is, 
generally, marked enlargement in the orbital arches of recidivists, to- 
gether with receding foreheads. In three hundred and fifty of the 
four hundred profile and quarter-face photographs of habitual crimi- 
nals that I have examined, this enlargement of the orbital arches was 
plainly noticeable. In the two hundred drawings and photographs 
that form my collection, it is noticeable in one hundred and eighty- 
two. Tenchini and Lombroso, as well as Benedikt, have pointed out 
this abnormality in the orbital arches of criminals. In my collection 
of skulls there are four skulls of recidivists; all of these show this 
enlargement of the orbital arches. Prognathism is a marked charac- 
teristic in the physiognomy of the recidivist. The large, heavy lower 
jaw and protruding mouth strikes the observer at once. This feature 
is rarely absent in the congenital criminal. It is an abnormality elo- 
quent in its atavistic suggestiveness. 
The low receding forehead, the enlarged orbital arches, the progna- 
thous jaws, and high cheek-bones of the congenital criminal are strik- 
ingly like those of our pithecoid ancestors.” oe 
Just here it is proper to state, that, in an article on Effemination 
and Viraginity which appeared in the N. F. Medical Record, Septem- 
ber 16th, I have asserted that atavism only attacks individuals of a 
neurasthenic type; that the phenomenon of reversion is found only in 
psychopathic aberrants. This, in a measure, is true in all cases of 
‘Benedikt: Kraniometrie u. Kephalometrie. 
°The writer: Criminal Anthropology, N. Y. Med. Record, Jan. 13. 
