1894.] Psychology. 541 
The criminal has a peculiar, feral stare, which once seen and noted 
can never be forgotten. A noted detective, (Bligh of Louisville, now 
dead) called it the “ape-eye.”” “Look,” said he to me on one occa- 
sion when we were discussing criminals, “ Look at the next ape you 
see and you will know what I mean.” (sic). The congenital criminal,” 
when looking at one seems to focus his sight on a point some distance 
beyond one’s body. It is difficult to describe this look. Bligh’s “ ape- 
eye” comes nearer to it than anything else I can think of. 
The special senses are generally very much exaggerated in the con- 
genital criminal. The hearing of twenty-eight recidivists out of thirty 
tested with the watch, was found to be more acute than normal. Some 
of these criminals possessed the microscopic eyesight of birds, describ- 
ing the appearance of minute objects correctly, the details of which, to 
be seen by me, rendered the use of a lens absolutely necessary ; and I 
may add that my eyes are normal. 
Others were far-sighted, some of them being able to read Snellen’s 
type at double the normal distance. The sense of smell, that is for 
some odors, was decidedly more acute than normal. I washed my 
hands in water scented with a few drops of violet perfume; they were 
then washed in pure water and carefully dried. Three billiard balls 
were then held in the hands for a few moments and then deposited on 
a table with a half dozen others. Thirteen out of the twenty-eight 
recidivists under observation, picked out the balls which had 
handled declaring that they could plainly distinguish the violet odor. 
* kkk I once knew a recidivist in St. Louis who could tell his 
friends by their personal odors. I had this man’s skull in my cabi- 
net fora number of years; it was eventually stolen from me, and is 
now, probably, in some museum of anatomy. It was strikingly like 
the skull of the Man of Spy,’ and an extraordinary instance of ata- 
vism in every struetural characteristic. I have now analyzed the phys- 
iognomy of the congenital criminal feature by feature. When 
place each part in its proper place I construct a mosaic of a variety 
in the human race entirely different from normal man. I have shown 
"The writer: Criminal Anthropology, N. Y. Medical Record, Jan. 13 
WI wish to call attention to the fact that I consider the congenital criminal to 
be the only true recidivist. I make this distinction in order to emphasize the 
great difference that exists between the gaat occasional criminal, and the 
true recidivist who is born a criminal. J. W., 
"The reader is respectfully referred to the eon of Spencer, pie Reclus, 
Wolfe and others for kindred observations on the special senses of sav 
"Wright: Man in the Glacial Period, p. 277, 
