INDIANS OF BOLIVIA NATIVE APOTHECARIES. 701 



The Tupis, another large tribe, appear either to have ex- 

 tended to the Amazon, or to have been driven there from the 

 south, as their language is now spoken by the tribes on its 

 banks. 



The Toromonos were the chief tribe inhabiting the territory 

 of Bolivia to the north of the Gran Chaco. They lived in 

 houses, each man building one for himself. The men wore no 

 clothes, but ornamented their heads with a crown formed of 

 feathers ; whilst the women wore a small cotton garment, only 

 partially covering the person. They painted their faces, and 

 wore rings in their noses and lips. Many of their customs were 

 cruel and barbarous in the extreme, though they appear to 

 have cultivated the ground, and used ploughs and wooden im- 

 plements of agriculture. They employed bows and arrows in 

 battle, as also for fishing and killing game. They also showed 

 skill in building canoes. 



INDIANS OF BOLIVIA NATIVE APOTHECARIES. 



Even at the present day, as was the case in the time of the 

 Incas, the people of one of the tribes were distinguished for 

 their medical knowledge, and sent out travelling apothecaries, 

 who collected herbs, — traversing the whole of the continent. 

 Markham describes meeting with a party of them emerging 

 from the forest, — cadaverous, miserable-looking men, almost 

 worn to death by fatigue and hardship. They wore their 

 long hair plaited and secured behind in the form of a 

 queue. They came from the district of Yungas, and are 

 called Yunguenos, or Cherrihuanos. Formerly they went on 

 foot, but they now ride asses, on which they carry the herbs 

 and nuts, reputed efficacious for the cure of sickness ; as well 

 as bundles of chinchona, coca leaf, incense, and other articles. 



