PROPAGATION. 



245 



marked c and d. The parallel lines represent in 

 both figures the downward course of the return- 

 ing sap. Now, it will be seen that the direct 

 course of the returning sap is interrupted by 

 the incision a; and until its communication is 

 restored over the space a b, the base of the bud 

 b is twice as far from the continuous downward 

 channels as the bud d. In fig. 310 the two 

 sides of the triangular space, from which the 

 bark has been raised for the insertion of the 

 bud, are exposed throughout their whole length 

 to the course of the returning sap, and the 

 latter can therefore soon flow to the centre of 

 the space. This being the case, inverted T- 

 budding may frequently be found the preferable 

 mode of the two. 



Square Shield-budding consists in merely cut- 

 ting out a square patch from a strong branch 

 or stem, a (fig. 311), and a 

 similar piece, but furnished 

 with an eye, from another 

 strong branch, b. Having 

 been exactly fitted, it may be 

 covered with a piece of paper, 

 pierced with a hole for the 

 eye, or adhesive plaster will 

 answer exceedingly well. This 

 mode is sometimes adopted 

 for spring-budding trees hav- 

 ing thick bark. It has the 

 advantage of covering exactly, 

 with the inner bark of the 

 piece containing the bud, the whole of the 

 alburnum laid bare; but in T-budding this is 

 impossible, as it is indeed with any method in 

 which the shield is intro- 

 duced below the bark. 



Flute-budding (fig. 312) 

 is so named from the parts 

 being made to fit like the 

 top of a flute. A cylinder 

 of bark is taken off from 

 an even part of the stock 

 at A, and is replaced by 

 another cylinder at B, fur- 

 nished with buds, and 

 made to fit close to the 

 sound bark of the stock 

 at e. It only requires a 

 slight bandage to cover 

 the junction of the barks 

 at g, and a cap of soft 

 adhesive plaster to keep 

 out the wet and to prevent evaporation at top. 

 Walnuts and other thick-barked trees are pro- 

 pagated in France by this mode. 



Fig 311— Square Shield- 

 budding. 



312.— Flute and Ring 

 Budding. 



Ring-budding. — In this a ring of bark is taken 

 off at any convenient part of a stock or branch, 

 as at C (fig. 312). From another shoot or 

 branch, a piece, D, of the same dimensions as 

 that removed from the stock, is traced by two 

 circular incisions, and a longitudinal cut made 

 between the two circular ones permits the piece 

 to be taken off and applied to the stock. The 

 piece D should be taken from a part somewhat 

 wider than the stock, for when found too wide 

 on application at c, the edges can be pared till 

 they just meet when the piece is brought tightly 

 round. A bandage, leaving an opening for the 

 bud, is applied, and the operation is completed. 

 It will be observed that budding by this mode 

 can be performed without cutting off the head 

 of the stock. 



Shield-budding with a portion of Wood, or Ame- 

 rican Shield-budding. — This does not differ from 

 the common method, except that the slice of 

 wood is not removed from the shield. The latter 

 should be cut off rather thin, with a very sharp 

 knife, and immediately inserted and bound up 

 in the usual way. This mode answers well for 

 spring-budding fruit-trees, Roses, &c, the shoots 

 being taken off, as in the case of grafts, and 

 eyes selected that are disposed to push and 

 make a shoot in the course of the summer. It 

 is also used in summer, when the bark does not 

 easily separate from the wood, and when bud- 

 ding must nevertheless be proceeded with. If 

 buds inserted at the usual time and in the ordi- 

 dary mode are seen to fail, wooded shields may 

 still be employed with a chance of success. Ac- 

 cording to Downing, this method, which he 

 terms the American variety of shield-budding, 

 is found much preferable to the common mode 

 for the American climate, in which many trees, 

 and especially Plums and Cherries, nearly mature 

 their growth, and require to be budded, in the 

 hottest part of summer. The operation can be 

 performed with less skill than is required to 

 remove the wood from the shield, is performed 

 in much less time, and, observes that much- 

 respected author, is uniformly more successful. 



XII.— Propagation by Inarching. 



This mode of propagation, which is also called 

 grafting by approach, depends on the same prin- 

 ciples as grafting; in the latter, however, a part 

 is entirely detached from a plant, and placed so 

 as to grow upon another part; whilst in inarch- 

 ing, both parts are nourished by their own roots, 

 and thus co-operate in forming a union. In 

 woods and thickets branches of trees have fre- 



