294 



THE GARDENER'S ASSISTANT. 



flowers of this species are rather large, and usually- 

 solitary in the axils of the leaves. Siberia, 1789. 



C. arbor escens — A tall shrub or small tree from 10 to 

 20 feet high. The wood is peculiarly hard and tough. 

 Siberia, 1752. Variety pendula is a handsome weeping 

 tree, and the variety EedotvsH is distinct in its long 

 serpentine branches. 



G. Chamlagu. — A spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high; 

 flowers yellow, changing to a reddish hue; the leaf con- 

 sisting of four leaflets. Northern China, 1773. 



C. frutescens. — A more robust growing species than 

 the last, 8 to 10 feet high. This is very ornamental 

 when worked as a standard on C. arborescens. Siberia, 

 1752. 



C. pygmcea. — A dwarf spreading species, with smaller 

 flowers, the stems bearing trifid spines. Altai Mountains, 

 1751. The variety aurantiaca is the best of the dwarf 

 Caraganas; flowers orange-yellow. 



Carpinus Betulus, Hornbeam. — This native tree re- 

 sembles the Beech, but it does not grow to so large a size, 

 rarely exceeding 30 or 40 feet, and it has oblique rough 

 leaves. It bears clipping well, and is frequently used for 

 forming dense hedges. Of several varieties now in culti- 

 vation the best are the golden variegated and the oak- 

 leaved quercifolia. 



Carya. — The Hickories are an exclusively North 

 American genus of trees, with pinnate leaves and incon- 

 spicuous flowers. They are closely allied to the Walnuts, 

 but the husk of the fruit splits into four regular valves. 

 These elegant trees deserve to be more generally grown 

 than they have been hitherto. They should be planted 

 young, as they are impatient of removal. There are a 

 dozen species, the following being the hardiest: — 



C. alba, Shell-bark Hickory. — A handsome tree 80 

 feet high, with leaves about 18 inches long. 1629. 



C. amara, Bitter Nut or Swamp Hickory. — A fine tree 

 about 50 feet high, introduced in 1800. 



C. olircvformis, Pecan Nut. — Similar to the last, but 

 the fruits are described as delicious. 1766. 



C. tomentosa. — This is a magnificent foliage-tree, the 

 divisions of its leaves being larger than in any other 

 Garya. 



Cassandra calyculata. — A 

 dwarf branching evergreen shrub, 

 with small oblong leaves, reddish- 

 brown beneath, and small, though 

 elegant, white flowers, produced 

 from February till the end of spring. 

 Widely dispersed in the northern 

 hemisphere, and cultivated in this 

 country since 1748. The variety 

 major has larger flowers. 



Cassiope tetragona (fig. 357). — 

 A pretty little evergreen 6 to 9 

 inches high, having small, dark- 

 green, closely imbricated leaves in 

 four ranks, and terminal, globular, 

 pendulous white flowers in March 

 or April. It should be sheltered 

 in winter, especially if the weather 

 be very changeable, for although 

 quite hardy it will succumb to 

 frequent freezing and thawing. 

 This remark applies to many other small-growing subjects 

 of this class. Lapland, &c, 1810. 



Castanea vulgaris (C. sativa), Sweet Chestnut. — This is 

 one of the largest and most stately of our hardy deciduous 

 trees. It is supposed to have come originally from Asia 



Fig. 357.— Cassiope 

 tetragona. (£.) 



Minor. There are several varieties, one of the best being 

 aureo-variegata, with golden-edged foliage. 

 . Castanopsis chrysophylla. — A shrub or small tree allied 

 to the Sweet Chestnut. The leaves are ovate -lanceolate, 

 dark-green above, tawny-yellow beneath. North-West 

 America, 1848. 



Catalpa bignonioides (C. sy ring ce folia), Indian Bean. 

 — A handsome small tree with large heart-shaped leaves, 

 and terminal panicles of white flowers, tinged with violet 

 and speckled with purple and yellow, produced in summer. 

 There is a striking variety, aurea, with handsome golden 

 foliage. Southern States of North America, 1726. C. 

 cordifolia (C. speciosa) has larger panicles and larger 

 flowers. It is also from North America, but has a more 

 western distribution. (7. Bungei is a native of China, 

 and C. Kaimpfcri is from Japan. 



Ceanothus. — Very ornamental North American 

 shrubs, suitable for the south or west or for covering 

 walls, but too tender, with the exception of the first, to 

 stand out in the open in other parts of the kingdom. 

 Flowers small, but numerous and showy, produced in 

 panicles during the summer. 



C. americanus, New Jersey Tea. — A dwarf species 2 

 to 3 feet high, with oblong three-nerved leaves, woolly 

 beneath. Flowers white, in dense terminal clusters, 

 produced in summer. Introduced in 1713. 



C. azureus. — This species grows from 5 to 10 feet high, 

 and has larger leaves than any of the other blue -flowered 

 kinds. There are several varieties of it, the hardiest and 

 most useful of which is Oloire de Versailles, which has 

 larger panicles, and flowers of a deeper hue. Mexico, 

 1818. 



C. Veitchianus. — A very ornamental species, with small 

 glabrous leaves, and numerous dense clusters of bright- 

 blue flowers. A native of California, as also are C. Lob- 

 bianus and C. Jloribtindus, two closely-allied species. 

 C. dcntatus, C. thyrsiflorus, C. rigidus, and C. papillosus 

 have also flowers of some shade of blue, and are exceed- 

 ingly ornamental, well adapted for covering walls. 



Cedrela sinensis. — A handsome deciduous tree with, 

 pinnate leaves. It grows 20 to 30 feet high. China. 



Celastrus scandens. — This is a free-growing climber, 

 with ovate, serrated leaves and terminal racemes of 

 yellowish flowers. The fruits become deep-yellow in 

 autumn. It is useful for covering arbours, &c. North 

 America, 1736. C. articulatus is an equally vigorous and 

 beautiful climber when in fruit. Japan. 



Celtis. — Moderately large trees of pleasing habit. 

 Leaves small, strongly nerved ; flowers small, greenish. 

 Allied to the Elms. 



C. australis, Nettle Tree or Tree Lotus. — About 30 feet 

 high. South Europe, 1796. 



C. occidentalis. — An exceedingly variable North Amer- 

 ican species, including the forms grown under the follow- 

 "ng names: — crassifolia, pumila, and Audibcrtiana. 



Cerasus. — Shrubs or small trees including both de- 

 ciduous and evergreen species, now reduced to a section 

 of Prunus. The deciduous species are amongst the most 

 beautiful of spring-flowering trees. The evergreen species, 

 are commonly called Laurels. The Alexandrian Laurel 

 is, however, Ruscus racemosus and the Greek, or Victor's 

 Laurel, Laurus nobilis. The Double -flowered Cherry, 

 C. vulgaris flore pleno, is an extremely attractive tree 

 when laden with its pure-white blossoms in May. C. 

 Mahaleb, a species much used for stocks, has fragrant 

 flowers and is of elegant habit. C. acida var. semper- 

 florens is remarkable for its long flowering season, from 

 May onwards ; it is a small round-headed tree, and very 



