602 
Spigelia marilandica—descript. and cult., 
1, 374- 
Spinach—crops spinach may follow and be 
succeeded by, ui, 390; seed quantities, 
ii, 391; descript., cult., and list (illust.) 
of WALS:; 11) 5275 518; foreign names of, 
ii, 528; calendarial directions, 11, 532, 
536, 539541, 544, 546, 548, 550, 552; 
packing, ii, 567; Mountain spinach (see 
Orach), New Zealand spinach (see that 
title). 
Spinacia oleracea—(see Spinach). 
Spindle-tree—descript. of, 1, 301. 
Spirea— 
Calendarial directions, i, 3, 17, 18. 
Hardy herbaceous perennials — descript. 
and cult. of Astilbe species, &c., 1, 351, 
of meadow-sweet, i, 375, of bog or 
marsh plants, 1, 387. 
Hardy ornamental shrubs—descript., ate 
and illusts., i, 321, 322, for forcing lk 
624, for winter-bedding, i, 647. 
Spirzea (Hoteia)—forcing sorts and direc- 
tions, i, 627, retarding growth of, 1, 628. 
[See also Neillia, Exochorda, and Hoteia. ] 
Spittle-fly — (illust.), 
ment, 1, 95, 96. 
Sponge leaf—descript. and cult. of, i, 384. 
Sporangium—formation of, i, 51. 
Spores—vegetative propagation of plant by 
means of, 1 1, 53; structure and functions 
(illust.), 1, 64; fungus spores, 1, 123, 124. 
Sports or bud variations— 
Of, 1, 55, 65. 
Sprayers for distribution of insecticides, 
&c.—illusts. and use of, 1, 188; i1, 40-42. 
Spraying Fruit-trees— 
Apparatus for—descript. and illusts. of vari- 
ous machines, &c., 1, 188; ii, 40-42. 
Insecticides and fungicides —application of, 
methods and washes, &c., for, 11, 42-44. 
Necessity for —eradication of insect and 
fungus pests, ll, 4o. 
Spring - bedding — directions and plants 
suitable for, 1, 628-631; illust. of spring- 
bedding at Belvoir Castle, i, 628. 
Sprouts—(see Brussels-sprouts). 
Spruce — pruning, i, 256; winter-bedding 
vars., 1, 647. (See also Abies, Picea. | 
spruce-gall aphis—descript. and Sree 
ya 206 
Squashes—(see Gourds). 
Squill—descript. and cult. of, i, 373. 
Stachys lanata—for spring-bedding, i, 631. 
Stachys tuberifera — descript., 
uses, and cult. of, 11, 438. 
Stachyurus przcox—descript. of, i, 321. 
Stag’s-horn Sumach—descript. of, i, 317. 
Stakes and Staking— 
Fruit-trees—method of staking (illust.), i1, 
57, 58; expenses, ll, 77 
Marking out lines for walks, &c.—-stakes 
for, 162. 
Perennials and annuals, 1, 341, 388. 
Sea-side and town trees and shrubs, i 
338. 
Stamens—formation of, i, 30, 49, 50, 51 
(illust.), 52; arrangement of stamens 
for protection of pollen from injurious 
agencies, &c. (illusts.), i, 51, 52, 54: 
petaloid stamens in double flowers 
(illust.), 1, 63. 
Standard-tree pruner—(illust.), descript. 
and use of, 1, 180. 
Stangeria paradoxa—descript. and cult. 
of, i, 613, 614, 615. 
Stanhopea—descript. and cult. of orchids, 
1, 581. 
Stapelia—species, &c., descript. and cult., 
1, 621. 
Staphylea colchica, S. pinnata, S. 
trifolia—descript. of, 1, 322; forcing 
S. colchica, i, 624. 
Star of Bethlehem—descript. and cult., 
1, 367, 3 
Starling—as garden friend, i, 118. 
descript. and treat- 
appearance 
illust., 
» 337> 
Statice —descript. and cult. of perennial 
species, &c., i, 375, of annual species, 
&c., 1, 399, of greenhouse species, &c., 
i, 543. 
Statuary—for garden decoration, i, 268. 
Stauntonia—calendarial directions, i, 15; 
descript. of S. hexaphylla, 1, 322. 
Steam —heating structures by means of, i, 
222. 
Stellaria graminea aurea—for carpet- 
bedding, 1, 640. 
Stem — structure (illusts.) and functions, i, 
34-37; various forms of (illust.), 1, 35, 
36; nodes and internodes of stem, leaf- 
formation, 1, 38, 39. 
Stem-borers—insect and other pests, de- 
script. and illusts., i, 112-114. 
Stem-boring weevils—descript. and treat- 
ment, 1, 114. 
Stephanandra flexuosa—descript. of, 1, 
322. 
Stephanotis—calendarial directions, i, 9, 
12; descript. and cult. of S. floribunda, 
149550: 
Sterility in fruit-trees—(see Fruit-trees, 
sub-heading Fruitfulness). 
Sternbergia—species, &c., descript., 
and illust. of, 1, 375. 
Stevensonia grandiflora—descript. and 
cult. of, 1, 612. 
Stigma-—formation of (illust.), 1, 52, 53; 
pollination process (illust.), 1, 53, 60. 
Stock—calendarial directions, i, 3, 5, 8, 10, 
12, 14; descript. and cult. of Vi irginian 
stock, i, 394, of annual species, &c. 
(illust. }, 1, 394, 395, of summer-bedding 
vars., 1, 635. 
Stocks and their effects— 
Apple propagation, il, 54, 55—illusts., ii, 53, 
55° 
Apricot propagation—use of mussel and 
plum stocks, ii, 200. 
Cherry propagation, ii, 207. 
Peach and nectarine propagation—use of 
pear, plum, and almond stocks, ii, 188, 
189. 
Pear propagation—use of quince, and 
cult., 
merits and place illusts.) of various 
stocks, 1, 237; 127, 128, 150; inter- 
mediate stolen "and double-grafting 
(illust.), 11, 107, 108. 
Plums and damson propagation—use of 
stones for raising stocks, &c., il, 155. 
Stomata—formation of (illust.), i, 39, 4o. 
Stone-crop—descript. and cult. of plant, 
1, 374- 
Stone-fruit—formation of (illust.), i, 56. 
Storing Fruits— 
Attention to and necessity of— general 
remarks on, il, 380. 
Cold storage—use of and prices in America, 
machinery employed (illust.) and re- 
sults of experiments in Britain, 1, 387, 
388. 
Conditions necessary for keeping fruit, 
arrest of fermentation, seasonal influ- 
ences, &c., 1, 210-212, 214; li, 380-382. 
Conveniences for—use and construction of 
stages, shelves, trays (illusts.), and 
drawers, ii, 69, 70, 382, 383. 
Kinds and varieties of fruits suitable for 
storage, 11, 380, 386, 387. 
Lawton process of sterilizing the air of 
fruit-room, ii, 384, 385. 
Light—effect of admission of, i, 212, 214; 
ll, 385. 
Preservative or non-conducting materials— 
descript. and use of, ii, 383. 
Preserved fruits, jams, &c., 11, 348, 356. 
Ripening of fruit—explanation of process, 
11, 380, 38r. 
Using storehouse for other garden-pro- 
ducts—disadvantages of, 11, 385. 
[For special fruit, see its name— Fruit- 
room construction, temperature, &c.; 
see title Fruit-room. ] 
Storms—damage to trees and shrubs, prun- 
ing and protection against, &c., i, 252, 
336, 337- 
THE GARDENER’S ASSISTANT. 
Stove or Tropical House and Plants— 
Construction of house and intermediate 
house, i, 544, 545- 
Culture of plants—conditions necessary, 
1, 544. 
Ferns—stove and greenhouse (see Ferns). 
General treatment—ventilation, heating, 
shading, i, 544; temperature, firing, 
and air-giving, 1, 545, 546; potting, 
pruning and training, watering and 
syringing plants, i, 545, 546. 
Insect pests, &c.—treatment of, i, 546. 
List of plants—descript., cult., and illusts., 
1, 546-556. 
Soil—composition of soil suitable, &c., 1, 
141, 545. 
Strata — descript. and illusts. of various 
strata, drainage of kitchen-garden, ii, 
19-21. 
Stratiotes aloides—descript. of, i, 384. 
Strawberries— 
Alpine—origin, i1, 238; descript., and special 
cultural requirements, ii, 248, 249. 
Calendarial directions—outdoors, ii, 533, 
536, 539 542, 544, 548, 550, 552, 554; 
for forcing, ll, 535, 537) 539, 543, 545s 
5522 557s 559- 
Disease and_ insect pests — leaf fungus 
(illust.), 1, 130; mildew treatment, i, 
243; list of insects, 1i, 245. 
Forcing—construction of house for (illust.}, 
i, 208; removal of young fruits, 11, 241; 
choice and establishment of runner- | 
plants, 11, 242, descript. of growth and 
influence of forcing plants, ii, 242; 
temperature and treatment for pot- 
plants, for plants in rows, and in out- 
side frames, ii, 242-244; Alpine and 
perpetual strawberries, i, 249, 250. 
Garden strawberries—descript. and origin 
of, il, 238. 
Gathering the fruit—time and method, ii, 
241, 243. 
General culture—treatment of runners and 
foliage, materials for mulching, &c., 
li, 240, 241. 
List of vars.—descript. and illusts., i, 245— 
248; Alpine vars., li, 249; perpetual 
vars., li, 250. 
Male, female, and hermaphrodite plants 
and the presence of sterility—obser- 
vations regarding, 1 li, 241, 242. 
Manure—effect of various manurial experi- 
ments, 1, 171; application of, il, 240, 
241. 
Market-gardening purposes—profit in grow- 
ing for, il, 75. 
Packing and grading—instructions, li, 377, 
378: packages for (illust.), 11, 368, 372, 
373- 
Perpetual strawberries (illust.)—descript., 
origin, and cultural requirements, il, 
238, 249-251. 
Planting—time, method, and treatment of 
plants, ii, 239, 241; renewing the 
plantations, system of, il, 24%» 
Preserving—time to gather fruit for, ii, 
241; processes of jam-making, ii, 346- 
348, 358, drying fruit, ii, 355, 356; vars. 
suitable and modes of, i, 362. 
Propagation—methods of and care of young 
plants, 1, 244, 245. 
Soil and situation, ii, 239. 
Storing—shelves for, ii, 383; method of, ii, 
387; cold storage, ii, 388. 
Strawberry-leaf fungus—(illust.), i, 130. 
Strawberry tree—descript. and cult., i, 
260. 
Stream utilization of in rock-garden, i, 
267, in pleasure-grounds, i, 280-282, 
in water-garden (illust.), 1, 379. 
Streets—trees and shrubs suitable for plant- 
ing 1n, 1, 339, 340- 
Strelitzia —descript. and cult. of green- 
house and stove plants, i, 543, 556. 
Streptocarpus—calendarial directions, b ‘ 
7, 10; descript., origin, and cult., 
516; insect pests, 1, 517. 
Streptosolen—as greenhouse plants, i, 543. 
Strix flammea—as garden friends, i, 117. 
vi. Se 
