NIAGARA FALLS AND VICINITY 265 



cespitose — matted, tangled or growing in low tufts 



cheeks — lateral portions of the cephalon, divided into fixed and free cheeks, 



of a trilobite 

 chelae — pincer-like claw terminating some of the legs of Crustacea 

 chilidium — covering for the chilyrium 

 chilyrium — triangular opening under the beak of the brachial valve in those 



brachiopods in which that valve is furnished with a hinge area 

 chitinous — composed of chitin, the substance forming the horny wings or 



elytra of beetles, and the carapaces of Crustacea 

 cicatrix — a scar 



cincture — depression anterior to the beak in the shell of some pelecypods 

 cirri — root-like appendages to the stem of crinoids 

 clastic — consisting of fragments, i. e. rocks made of fragments of older 



rocks 

 clavate — club-shaped 

 clavicle — heavy internal ridge running downward from the beak in some 



pelecj'pods 

 columella — central or axillary rod 

 compound corallum — made up of corallites, either separate or closely joined 



by their walls (ex. Favosites) 

 composite corallum — compound corallum with coenenchyma or extrathecal 



calcareous tissue connecting the corallites (ex. Galaxia and many other 



recent forms) 

 concavo-convex — shells of brachiopods are normally concavo-convex, when 



the brachial valve is concave, and the pedicle valve convex; reversed or 



resupi'nate, when the reverse condition obtains 

 confluent — blended so that the line of demarcation is not visible 

 coniferae — order of arborescent plants to which the pines, firs, etc. belong 

 consequent stream — type of stream which flows down the original con- 

 structional slope of the land 

 corallites — individual tubes of a compound corallum 

 corallum — calcareous skeleton of a single, or of a colonial, coral stock 

 corneous — horny 

 coronal — crown-like 



costae — extrathecal extensions of the septa of the corals 

 costals — first brachial or arm-plates of the crinoids lying between the 



radials and the first bifurcation of the arms 

 counter quadrants — quadrants bounding the counter septum of a Tetra- 



corallum 

 counter septum — front primary septum of the Tetracoralla, opposite the 



cardinal septum; the secondary septa are parallel to it 

 crenulated — notched to produce series of teeth 



crura — apophyses to which the brachidium of the brachiopods is attached 

 cuesta — topographic relief element, resulting from the normal dissection of 



a coastal plain composed of alternating harder and softer strata (see 



p. 40) 



