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How to tell a spruce from a fir — a thing everyone wants to know. Both are pyramidal trees 



1. A typical fir or Abies. The needles of a young 

 fir are flattened and appear to be in two ranKs. while 

 those of a spruce are spirally arranged. (Abies homo- 

 lepis, a desirable but rare species) 



2. A typical spruce or Picea. Spruce cones do 

 not shed their scales; firs do. A Norway spruce 

 (P. eicelsa). (Make the right side of the picture the 

 bottom and the cones hang naturally) 



3. The Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga Dougtasti) , 

 which is neither a spruce nor a fir, though it has the 

 seemingly two -ranked leaves and scale • shedding 

 cones of a fir. Note the loose bristly cone 



The Culture of Evergreens— By Thomas McAdam &, 



THE WHOLE STORY REDUCED 1 TO SIMPLE, COMMON-SENSE RULES, WITH THE REASONS THEREFOR, TOGETHER 

 WITH A PLAIN STATEMENT OF COMMON METHODS THAT WILL SURELY CAUSE DISAPPOINTMENT AND LOSS 



ABOUT all there is to tree culture is to 

 plant the tree. Everybody ought to 

 know how to do that, for a man isn't really a 

 man until he has planted some trees. And 

 the culture of evergreens differs from that of 

 ordinary trees in only four important respects: 

 i. Evergreens ought to be planted a month 

 before summer drought or winter cold is due. 



This is because the roots of an evergreen 

 have to supply the leaves with moisture 

 every day in the year, and they have the best 

 chance when the soil is warm and the condi- 

 tions for growth favorable. But if you move 

 an evergreen in winter the sunshine during 

 the warm spells and the wind at any time are 

 likely to dry out the leaves faster than the 



frozen roots can supply the sap. Conse- 

 quently they turn yellow and die. 



2. It is much more important to preserve 

 a ball oj roots with evergreens than with 

 deciduous trees. 



You can drag up a deciduous tree with 

 scant ceremony, cut back some of the 

 branches to restore a fair proportion between 



The three types of leaf thai characterize conifers— 



4. The needle type, which is the commonest. 

 This is the white pine (Pinus Strobus). readily told by 

 its long tufls or brushes of needles, with five needles 



in a bundle 



strikingly different from the leaf of 



5. The scale type, formed by small closely over- 6. 



lapping leaves, making a fan-like spray like that of being sharp pointed and not close to the bran 



the arborvitae. White cedar [Chamaecy parts sphaerotdea, Yellow cedar {Chamaecyparis Nulkaensis), Known 



also called Cupressus Ihuyoides) nurserymen as Thuyopsis borealis 



a deciduous tree 



6. The awl type, which differs from the scalt 

 being sharp pointed and not close (o the branch. 



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