ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESULTS. 433 



After ail, what hâve \ve got to understand by Melanesians? It would be too one-sided 

 to consider them, according to their géographie distribution, as a Papuo-Polynesian mixture, 

 though in East-New-Guinea and in many Melanesian islands a Polynesian strain is évident. 

 In the greater islands there are still found Melanesians, not influenced by Polynesians (f. i. the 

 Buka's). The name Papuan is usually not applied to them; on the other hand they are not 

 distinctly separated from their New-Guinean neighbours according to several authors as 

 FRIEDERICI, Hagen and PARKINSON. Indeed it is by no means surprising that the types, 

 occurring in the various Melanesian islands, Nevv-Guinea included, are strongly diverging. 

 Gathering them ail in one group, one feels inclined to speak of a Melanesian rather than of 

 a Papuan race, as most people use to confine the name Papuan to the island New-Guinea. 

 But then we will hâve to separate from thèse Melanesians the wide-spread stratum of Melano- 

 Polynesian crossbreds, to which f. e. must be counted the Papuo-Melanesians of SELIGMANN, 

 as after ail the lighter colour of skin, the lank hair, the Mongoloïd eye — occurring especially 

 among the Pokao, but emerging in the whole group — are due to Polynesian influence. 



On the other hand a différent dénomination can be practised, when we will assign to 

 the word Papuan a broader sensé. In that case we might substitute the fore-said "Melanesian 

 Race" by the "Papuan Race" ; then the name "Melanesians" could be applied to the just described 

 crossbreds — as is practically often done ■ — or, what is more rational, to ail the Negroïd 

 peoples of the Far-East. 



After having studied the Papuans, after having seen a great deal about Indonesians 

 and Malay and after having read something about the Oceanic racial questions, I feel inclined 

 to the conclusion that a member of the Papuan Race is for three quarters, — and as for 

 the New-Guinea pigmoïds, Baining c. s. for four fifths — , a Negrito and for the rest 

 a Dravido-Australoïd. This does not include that Papuans should hâve had Australian 

 ancestors, nor the reverse, but both Papuans and Australians appear to hâve had Dravidian 

 forfathers, and both hâve Caucasian as well as Négritie blood, though in largely différent 

 quantifies. This opinion appears to be fairly in harmony with the théories, described above 

 and is certainly not in flagrant contradiction with any of them. 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE PIGMY-QUESTION. 



The New-Guinean Pigmy-question has already been discussed several times. The 

 discovery of small-statured éléments in the population by différent explorers gave rise to ail 

 sorts of suppositions. In 191 1 at last, the first English Expédition in Dutch New-Guinea lead 

 to the discovery of a tribe, the so-called Tapiro-Pigmies, the average height of whom appeared 

 to be 144.9 cm - Were they the since long anticipated New-Guinean Negritoes ? Yes and no. 

 As I called the Papuans in gênerai Negritoes for three quarters, I can make but little objection 

 to that dénomination used by Haddon [238]. On the other hand I cannot accept it, if one 



