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158 LIFE OF THE PLEISTOCENE 



Valvata tricarinata Galba elodes 



" sincera Succinea avara 



" piscinalis m Polygyra monodon 

 Goniobasis livescens 



Chapman 136 lists many of these species and remarks that the shells may be 

 traced over four miles south of the station and a mile or more in other directions. 

 They lie in fine sand at depths of 1 to 16 or 18 feet and are underlaid by gravel, 

 which is in some places obliquely laminated. The naiads were very abundant, 

 of large size and well preserved, "a cart load might be collected from some cut- 

 tings in an hour. " From this description it would appear that the deposit 

 was very similar to the Toleston beds of Wilmette Bay, Chicago, described in 

 Chapter III. 



In 1898, fossil Unios, fish bones and pieces of wood and bone were found 

 in a well on the Agnew farm, near Essa, on the Nottawasaga River. 137 At 

 Ennskillen, Ontario (opposite Detroit) several mollusks have been reported 

 from gravel deposits apparently referable to Lake Algonquin. Three species 

 are recorded. 138 



Unio circidus = Obovaria circulus 

 " gibbosus = Elliptio gibbosus 

 Cyclas (many) =Sphaerium 



2. Lake Iroquois Stage 

 The records of life from this ancient beach are not numerous. At Hamil- 

 ton, 139 the scapula of a deer is said to have been found in beach sand and gravel. 

 On Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, a number of mammals were found in 

 fine sand, about 38 feet below the summit of the ridge and 70 feet above the 

 surface of Burlington Bay. The upper 30 feet consisted of stratified gravel, 

 composed of small pebbles of limestone, cemented to such an extent that the 

 deposit had to be blasted to remove it. Beneath this was a deposit of coarse 

 sand, about 10 feet in thickness, in which the bones were found. The speci- 

 mens were discovered during the construction of the Desjardins canal. Four 

 species were observed. 



Elephas jacksoni= Elephas columbi (tusk and lower jaw) 

 Mastodon americanus = Mammut americanum (tusk and vertebra) 

 Cervus canadensis (horns) 

 Castor fiber — Castor canadensis (jaw). 



136 This species may be the same as Vahala obtusa Drap., which is abundant on the 

 southern shore of Lake Ontario in the vicinity of Irondequoit Bay and Charlotte. Piscinalis 

 has recently been authentically reported from American waters by Latchford, Nautilus, 

 XXVIII, p. 10. 



M « Canadian Journ., N. S., VI, pp. 497-498, 1861. 



137 Hunter, op. cit., p. 291A. 



138 Bell, Geol. Canada, p. 956. 



u » See Trans. Can. Inst., VI, p. 29; Can. Nat., N. S., VII, p. 470; VIII, pages 135-147; 

 X, p. 308. 



