LISBON, THE CITY OF THE FRIENDLY BAY 



influence of alien hybridization in a land 

 under colonization by strange peoples. 

 At the same time it shows the adaptability 

 of a race which has itself extended its 

 influence to remote places "in the sun/' 



CONQUERING RACES MADE SMAIJ, IMPRESS 

 ON THE INTERIOR 



The prolonged visits of the Phoenicians, 

 Visigoths, Romans, Moors, and Spanish 

 had little effect or influence on the stock 

 of the Celtic-Iberian folk in the interior 

 and mountainous districts of Portugal, 

 while along the coasts the cities absorbed 

 all those strangers into its urban life. The 

 conquerors fell victims to racial absorp- 

 tion. 



Consequently in Lisbon, often invaded 

 and brought under alien rule, are found 

 types which distinctly betray their origin 

 from one or another of the shifting 

 dominant races. Pure Celts from the 

 hills are met on the streets, their pug- 

 nacious visages markedly Bretonesque, 

 their costumes like all Celtic raiment, and 

 their side whiskers just as bristly. Traces 

 of imported Negro slave blood are distin- 

 guishable, as also are Jewish types, de- 

 scendants of the refugees from Spain. 



One marvels at the strength of limb 

 and neck of the basket-peddler girls, 

 whose profiles, complexions, hair, and 

 stature find a parallel in. the descriptions 

 of the Phoenician women of old. Some 

 of these young women are beauties, and 

 they carry rush-woven baskets of fruit, 

 fish, or vegetables poised on their heads 

 with a certain grace which lifts their oc- 

 cupation above drudgery, while, except in 

 the case of the aged, they cry their wares 

 in full-throated melody (see Color Plate 

 XVI). 



Striking Moorish types are also often 

 seen, dark-skinned, with the black-bronze 

 hair, large, brilliant black eves, and pearly 

 teeth of their ancestors. They lack, of 

 course, the thick lips and flat noses of the 

 African types from more tropical regions 

 than the Mediterranean coast. 



But by far the greater number of peo- 

 ple on the streets are "Portuguese," a 

 race in which is combined something 

 from each of a long list of descendants of 

 successive invaders. They are clean- 

 limbed, regular-featured, medium-sized 

 people of fine appearance. Their type is 

 somewhat akin to the Greek, but thev are 



more swarthy and also more urbane, 

 even-tempered, and cordial. 



Portuguese of the upper classes are 

 among the most cultured and gracious 

 people of the world. Hospitality is a 

 characteristic, generosity also, and the 

 arts, sciences, and ethics of civilization 

 are appreciated and employed. Portu- 

 guese men engaged in business and com- 

 merce are cosmopolitan in the range of 

 their operations and in the compass of 

 their influence. 



All the linguistic inheritances and racial 

 divergences of the Portuguese have a 

 direct influence on the life, architecture, 

 and economics of the city. The most 

 ancient of customs and the most antique 

 of implements are found side by side with 

 electric cars, automobiles, modern bank- 

 ing houses, luxuriously furnished homes, 

 and ultra styles. 



Yet so perfectly natural and unaffected 

 are the people that nothing seems strange 

 or out of place. The city is a mosaic of 

 civilization ; harsh and glaring antago- 

 nisms have melted into the picture. 



EARTHQUAKE OE 1755 MARKED BEGINNING 

 OE MODERN LISBON 



Following the great earthquake of 1755 

 and the rise of Pombal, modernity took 

 root in Portugal. Pombal had been Min- 

 ister to England and to Austria and Min- 

 ister of Foreign Affairs ; his contact with 

 progressive nations, particularly with two 

 of the leading courts of the time, bore 

 fruit along practical lines. 



Every square foot of Lisbon, except- 

 ing the Alfama district, the old town 

 which survived the earthquake, gives evi- 

 dence of a master mind in careful planning 

 which took advantage of every contour 

 of the site and also had due regard for 

 the monumental requirements of a capital 

 city. 



From the Triumphal Arch of the Praqa 

 to the Rocio, or Praca de Dom Pedro 

 Quarto, one traverses that part of the new 

 city, the Cidade Baixa, planned to be the 

 location for genteel shops and high-grade 

 mercantile houses. Eight parallel streets 

 running north and south, crossed by 

 eight others running east and west, make 

 a checkerboard district accessible from all 

 sides, and in the mind of Pombal, who 

 gave the streets names suggestive of the 

 trades and industries to be housed 



