256 



For information regarding railroad and steam- rn tt T? n I II TV T> V -»r»/~«Arvx-VT-n 



ship lines, write to the Readers' Service 1 H L VjrAKDJbjN MAGAZINE 



May, 1912 



The Chain of Communication 



EACH Bell Telephone is the center of 

 the system. This system may be any 

 size or any shape, with lines radiating from 

 any subscriber's telephone, like the spokes 

 of a wheel, to the limits of the subscriber's 

 requirements, whether ten miles or a 

 thousand. 



Somewhere on the edge of this subscriber's 

 radius is another who requires a radius of 

 lines stretching still further away. On the 

 edge of this second subscriber's radius is 

 still a third, whose requirements mean a 

 further extension of the lines, and so on. 



This endless chain of systems may be 

 illustrated by a series of overlapping circles. 

 Each additional subscriber becomes a new 



center with an extended radius of com- 

 munication, reaching other subscribers. 



However small the radius, the step-by-step 

 extension from neighbor to neighbor must 

 continue across the continent without a 

 stopping place, until the requirements of 

 every individual have been met. 



There can be no limit to the extension of 

 telephone lines until the whole country is 

 covered. There can be no limit to the 

 system of which each Bell telephone is the 

 center, up to the greatest distance that talk 

 can be carried. 



Because these are the fundamental needs 

 of a nation of telephone users, the Bell 

 System must provide universal service. 



American Telephone and Telegraph Company 

 And Associated Companies 



One Policy One System \7ni-Versal Ser-dtce 



HIGH GRADE, NORTHERN GROWN 



Deciduous and Evergreen Trees, Shrubs, 



Vines, Roses and Herbaceous Perennials. 



Trees for Orchard, Park and Forest 



planting. 



We solicit correspondence relative to any 



planting problem. 



Send for our illustrated Catalog. 



THE NEW ENGLAND NURSERIES CO. 



BEDFORD MASSACHUSETTS 



Preparing Spray Mixtures 



FOR the control of the plant diseases mentioned 

 in the preceding pages (247-250) there are 

 certain standard fungicides which have been tested 

 and approved. All the ready-to-use preparations 

 on the market are based on these same formulas 

 because the actual necessities of the case are well 

 understood and there are comparatively few 

 substances which fulfil the requirements. 



Home mixing is troublesome but at the same 

 time interesting, and in the hands of a careful 

 operator, the results are sure. But on the other 

 hand, the purposes of the application are sometimes 

 completely defeated through careless preparation. 



The most important fungicides are bordeaux 

 mixture, concentrated lime-sulphur, Scott's self- 

 boiled lime-sulphur, ammoniacal copper carbonate, 

 potassium sulphide, copper sulphate, sulphur, 

 corrosive sublimate, and formalin. No one of 

 these can be used in all cases, but each has its use 

 and when properly applied will prove effective. 



Bordeaux mixture is the fungicide most generally 

 used. The strength varies according to the plant 

 to be sprayed. It may be prepared by putting 

 4 pounds of copper sulphate in a bag of coarse 

 cloth and hanging this in an earthen or wooden 

 vessel containing 4 to 6 gallons of water. Then 

 slack 4 pounds of quick lime and add thereto 25 

 gallons of water and mix equal parts of the two by 

 pouring the solutions together in a third vessel; 

 stir and keep stirred while spraying. A weaker 

 solution may be made by using 2 to 3 pounds of 

 copper sulphate and 3 pounds of lime to 50 gallons 

 of water. The weaker solution may be employed 

 wherever the other proves too strong. For peaches 

 and Japanese plums do not use bordeaux mixture. 

 Use instead self-boiled lime-sulphur. A plain 

 solution of copper sulphate; 1 pound in 15 to 25 

 gallons of water, may be employed before the 

 buds break, the weaker solution being used on 

 peach. Ready to use bordeaux can be had in cans. 



Concentrated lime-sulphur is made by using 40 

 pounds of good lump lime, 80 pounds of sulphur and 

 50 gallons of water. Heat about ten gallons of 

 water in the cooking vessel and use it to slack the 

 lime. To avoid losses of materials by spilling 

 over the lime should be added in small quantities 

 at a time. As the slacking commences empty in 

 the sulphur, and keep the mixture well stirred to 

 break up the lumps of sulphur and lime. When the 

 entire amount of lime has been slacked, add the 

 full amount of water. A sufficient quantity should 

 also be added to provide for evaporation by the 

 cooking so that at the completion of the boiling 

 there will be approximately fifty gallons of mixture. 

 Boil the wash vigorously for one hour in which 

 time the sulphur should be completely dissolved. 

 This concentrated solution should be diluted accord- 

 ing to the recommendation given in the tables 

 already given in the preceding pages. 



Scott's self-boiled lime-sulphur is not a boiled solu- 

 tion as might be inferred from the name. It is pre- 

 pared by placing in a barrel 8 pounds of good 

 stone lime to which is added a small quantity of 

 cold water to start slacking. Eight pounds of 

 sulphur worked through a sieve to break up the 

 lumps is then added slowly to the slaking lime, 

 which is kept from burning by the addition of just 

 enough cold water so as not to drown it. The 

 slaking mixture must be stirred constantly. Just 

 as soon as the slaking is completed (5 to 15 minutes) 

 fill the barrel with cold water (50 gallons). The 

 mixture is strained into the sprayer tank through a 



