CHIFEF-CHAFE 
Returning to Central Europe, we find it a common breed- 
ing species over the greater part of Germany, but rare in 
Schleswig. 
In Switzerland it seems to be common both in the plains 
and mountainous districts, even breeding in the Alpine val- 
leys; and the same may be said of Italy, where it especially 
favours the olive groves in Tuscany and Liguria. In Sardinia 
it is common amongst the hills, and it also breeds in Sicily. 
It does not remain in Greece during the summer months, 
and only passes through Turkey and Bulgaria on migration, 
but in Montenegro occurs as a breeding species. 
Over the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy it is generally 
distributed, although somewhat rarely in Bohemia. 
In Poland it is a common breeding species, neither is it 
rare in the Baltic Provinces, where it seems to prefer the 
more mountainous districts. The northern limit in Finland 
is a line drawn from the northern point of the Baltic to the 
western point of the Bay of Kandalak. In the southern parts 
it is rather rare, but more common in the central and northern 
districts. It breeds in great numbers round Pudasiarvi and 
the Lakes of Kiando and Hyrynsalmi, and is not rare near 
Sotkamo. In the vicinity of Kuopio and in parts of the 
Province of Abo it is common. It occurs near Helsinefors, 
Willmanstrand, and on the island of Kexholm on migration, 
and is a breeding species in the Province of Nyland. North 
of Lake Ladoga it is common, and it is also found in the 
environs of Onega, on the River Onega, and near the Lakes 
of Onega, Sego, and Wygo. It has occurred near Archangel, 
also in the province of Vologda, and we can trace it to the 
valley of the Petchora as far east as the Province of Perm. 
In the Provinces of Pskov, St. Petersburg, Novgorod, 
Tver, Jaroslav and Moscow it ig common. In the Province 
of ‘Tula it only occurs on migration, but in those provinces 
lying between the Rivers Oka and Volga both on migration and 
as a breeding species. In the Province of Riazan it is found 
on the autumn migration only. In the valley of the Volga 
tS) 
