LOWER CRETACEOUS SERIES. 721 



phosed, and the fossils are seen only in section in face of the hard rock. The 

 fossil Caprina crassifibra is so characteristic in its surface markings that there 

 is no doubt of its being correctly identified. 



The bed immediately overlying the second Caprina horizon is found to be 

 a sand outcropping in the bases of Etholen Knobs. This sand, with its oyster 

 breccia horizons, between the second Caprina bed and the Etholen breccias, is 

 given as the equivalent of the gypsum and its associated limestones of Malone 

 Mountain, which is given the name of Malone bed. 



MALONE BED. 



The Malone bed is so named because of the great development of gypsum 

 which it includes that occurs in Malone Mountain. 



x All of the gypsum, with its included limestone and the flaggy limestone 

 which underlies the lowest gypsum horizon in Malone Mountain, up to the 

 conglomerates and conglomeratic breccias of the overlying Etholen bed, are 

 included in the Malone bed. 



Whether the sand occurring at the base of Etholen Knobs exists beneath 

 the Malone Mountain horizons in Malone Mountain is not known. 



MALONE MOUNTAIN HORIZONS. 



As was stated in the preliminary remarks, the dynamical effects in Malone 

 Mountain are peculiar and beautiful. The crumplings and contortions of the 

 strata have been very severe, forming double and isoclinal folds, inverting 

 hundreds of feet of rock. 



The topography too is typical of this character of geology. Along the 

 northeastern side of the mountain a high, sharp ridge passes the whole ex- 

 tent of the mountain, with the axes of the principal synclinal fold as its cen- 

 tre. On the very crest of this ridge, through a part of its extent, there ex- 

 ists a double isoclinal fold, the planes of whose axes incline toward the centre 

 of the ridge. (See section of Malone Mountain.) A valley with interruption 

 of hills follows the principal anticlinal fold through the centre of the moun- 

 tain. The main gypsum field extends from the centre of this mountain to 

 the northwest end. The line of broken hills forming the western portion of 

 the mountain are remnants of the western half of the central anticlinal fold. 

 The basin surrounds Malone Mountain, cutting off all direct contact with 

 other stratified rocks. 



The lowest rock exposed of the Malone Mountain horizons is a band of 

 pale yellow flaggy limestone. Above this limestone occurs the first horizon 

 of white fissile granular gypsum, having a thickness of forty-five feet. Suc- 

 ceeding this gypsum there is one hundred and seventy feet of massive blue 

 granular limestone. It lies conformably between the first and second horizons. 



