SHADE TREES AND CATCH CROPS. 65 



chontal, madre prieta, madre blanca or serrana, cocohite, and challa, the latter 

 being employed as temporary shade, "chichihuas" or ''wet-nurses," and cutaway 

 after the "madres" or "mothers" are sufficiently grown to shade the entire area. 

 The detailed plan advocated by Martinez shows the caeao planted at equal distances 

 in rows which alternate, or "break joints." In each alternate row the madre chon- 

 tal and cocohite are set in alternate spaces between the cacao, while the chichihuas 

 arc placed close to the young cacao trees, one on each side.' In some localities the 

 latter are omitted entirely and the cocohite is cut away between the eighth and 

 twelfth years of the plantation. 



The Madre chontal is propagated by stakes a meter or a meter and a half long, taken 

 from the trees in the winter when the leaves are off. The other "madres" also lose 

 their leaves in the winter when the extra heat of the sun is not unwelcome in the 

 plantations. This ancient culture seems not unworthy of investigation, with refer- 

 ence both to cacao and to coffee. Unfortunately the scientific names of the shade 

 trees are not given. 



Madre de cacao. (See Erythrina umbrosa, also Erythrinapoeppigiana.) 



Madre prieta and 



Madre serrana. 



Trees used for cacao shade in the State of Tabasco, Mexico. (See discussion under 

 Madn chontal.) 



Mahoe (Jamaica). (See Paritium tiliaceum.) 



Mahogany. (See Swietenia mahagoni. ) 



Mais (Spanish). (See Zea mays.) 



Maize. (See Zea mays.) 



Majagua (Porto Rico). (See Paritium tiliaceum.) 



Malanga. (See Xanthosoma sagittifolium.) 



Mamey. (See Mammea americana.) 



Mammea americana. 



Common name — Mamey (Mexico). 

 Mentioned by Yorba among trees mostly used in Mexico for shade. 



Mammet. 



Dampier is quoted as saying with reference to the island of Tobago, in the Bay of 

 Panama : 



Among the cocoa trees grows the mammet, a straight tree without knot or branch, 

 70 feet in height, and with a tufted and interlaced head. This seems to serve as a 

 parasol to the cocoa tree, which is injured by the burning rays of the sun. 



This may have reference to the mammee-apple, Mammea americana. 

 Mandi (Coorg, India). (See Lagerstroemia lanceolata.) 

 Mandioca (Brazil). (See Manihot utilissimum.) 



Mangifera indica. Mango. 



The mango tree has a very compact habit and dense foliage. It affords excellent 

 protection from both sun and rain, and little or nothing will grow directly under it. 

 Thus while coffee is often planted near it in yards or gardens and the black pepper 

 is sometimes trained on its trunk, the mango has never been considered as a shade 



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