Chapter 16 — FUNDAMENTALS OF OCEANOGRAPHY 





TEMPERATURE 







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RANGE 



VEL ° CITV 1. ISOVELOCITY-STRAIGHT LINE RAY TRANSMISSION 

 TEMPERATURE RANGE 



VELOCITY 



2. NEGATIVE GRADIENT- RAYS CURVED DOWNWARD 



TEMPERATURE RANGE 



VELOCITY 



3. POSITIVE GRADIENT- RAYS CURVED UPWARD 



TEMPERATURE RANGE 



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VELOCITY 



4. ISOVELOCITY OVER NEGATIVE GRADIENT-SPLIT BEAM PATTERN 



TEMPERATURE RANGE 



VELOCITY 



5. NEGATIVE GRADIENT OVER POSITIVE-SOUND CHANNEL 



Figure 16-6. — Representative sound patterns based on temperature gradient. 



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