Chapter 16 — FUNDAMENTALS OF OCEANOGRAPHY 



VELOCITY 



RANGE 



SHADOW ZONE 



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(A) SURFACE DUCT 



VELOCITY 



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(B) DEEP SOUND CHANNEL 



VELOCITY 



RANGE- 



(C) CONVERGENCE ZONE 





VELOCITY 



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RANGE »- 













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Q. 









TARGET 





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(D) BOTTOM BOUNCE 



Figure 16-8. — Sound transmission paths. (A) Surface duct; (B) deep sound channel; 

 (C) convergence zone; (D) bottom bounce. 



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