AEROGRAPHER'S MATE 3 & 2 



ARCTIC 

 + 



35° N 



SUB-TROPICAL 

 CONVERGENCE 



ANTARCTIC 

 CONVERGENCE 



•" ' " — — — r 



.■ OCEAN BOTTOM \ %' ' , ; : M. 



-;-,.„'„-,M,>„ f r,.,--,-nfv.v.^v l - l v--i l .'i — , ,-;;. ,.;.■:.;,-, ,■,-•,,■„, -,; , ,■;„■,■„, ,v,,i- 



Figure 16-12.— Typical flow pattern of circulation with the southern ocean. 



209,330 



decrease toward the south. North Atlantic Deep 

 Water flowing into the south Atlantic is then 

 sandwiched between Antarctic Bottom Water 

 below and Antarctic Intermediate Water above 

 as illustrated in figure 16-12. 



Large quantities of Antarctic Intermediate 

 and Bottom Water mix with the southward 

 flowing Atlantic water and return to Antarctica 

 producing Circumpolar Water. This process also 

 produces a strong upwelling in the area between 

 the sinking water next to the Antarctic Continent 

 and the Antarctic Convergence. 



In summation it can be said that a general 

 picture of the oceanic circulation consists of 

 the water flowing northward in the upper layers 

 of the ocean mixing with the deep waters of 

 the northern oceans flowing south and then 



returning to the Antarctic region at inter- 

 mediate levels within the oceans. This picture 

 is of course complicated by the superimposition 

 of many secondary circulations within this 

 general flow. 



All oceans, except perhaps the North 

 Pacific, show this broad, general circulation 

 pattern of deep waters flowing toward the 

 Equator and the surface waters moving poleward 

 to replace them,, 



Since the Arctic and the Subtropical Con- 

 vergences of the Northern Hemisphere are not 

 as well developed as their southern counter- 

 parts, the deep circulations within the northern 

 oceans vary to a larger degree than those of 

 the southern oceans. 



396 



