54 RIO JANEIRO. 



and to pay it every evening. The surplus belongs to themselves. In 

 default of not gaining the required sum, castigation is always inflicted. 



It is said that the liberated negroes who own slaves are particularly 

 severe and cruel. The usual load carried is about two hundred 

 pounds weight. 



Mr. Hale, our philologist, found here a field of some extent in his 

 department, through the slave population; and it afforded more 

 opportunities for its investigation than would at first appear probable. 

 Vast numbers of slaves have been, and are still imported annually 

 into this market; and as very many of the same nation or tribe 

 associate together, they retain their own language, even after they 

 have been in the country for some years. It may be seen by the 

 most cursory examination that they are marked in such a manner as 

 to serve to distinguish their different races. Some have little of the 

 distinctive negro character, and others more of it than any human 

 beings we had seen. Mr. Hale obtained from a gentleman of Rio the 

 following information respecting them, with their distinctive marks ; 

 the accuracy of which we had an opportunity of verifying during 

 our stay. The likenesses made of them by Mr. Agate are very cha- 

 racteristic. 



The negroes of Brazil who have been brought from North and 

 South Africa, are divided into two distinct and very dissimilar classes. 

 The natives of that portion of the continent known under the general 

 name of Upper Guinea, include the countries in the interior as far 

 as Timbuctoo and Bornou, being the whole of that region lately 

 explored by the English expeditions. The slaves from this quarter, 

 though of various nations and languages, have yet a general likeness, 

 which stamps them as one race. In Brazil they are known under the 

 name of Minas. 



MINA. 



The Minas slaves are said to be distinguished from others by their 



