522 CONCLUSIONS. 
The flappers may be lifted up so high that they are occasionally 
visible above the surface (106 a, 118, 137, 154, fig. 50); when 
the animal is swimming with extreme rapidity, they may be rais- 
ed stili higher, so that they are almost entirely above the surface 
(129, 148, fig. 36, fig. 45), but then they are not directed hind- 
wards, but forwards, “they were turned to the contrary way” 
(129, fig. 36, fig. 50). The flappers move alternately: “the move- 
ments of the flappers were those of a turtle’, “the monster paddled 
itself along after the fashion of a turtle” (148), and have “a semi- 
revolving motion” (148). When the animal swims with vertical 
uudulations, it may press the flappers close against the body, so 
that seen from above, it is as if the flappers were wanting (82). 
2. Motions. Hitherto we have considered the animal by itself, 
let us now see how it moves in the water. 
The first sign of the presence of a sea-serpent may, of course, 
be very different. Generally, when the animal was met with it was 
already swimming on the surface; sometimes it lay still, and it 
appeared to be a wreck or a small rock, but on approaching 
gradually changed into a living animal; and sometimes, though 
rarely, it appeared on the surface not far from the vessels. It is a 
proof that it may remain a tolerably long time under water before 
it comes to the surface to breathe. This may happen in two ways; 
viz. 1. After it has swum a long time just below the surface, it 
will gradually raise its head above it, and 2. When it has swum 
for some time very deep below the surface, it will rise perpen- 
dicularly upwards. Instances of the jirs¢ manner of coming to the 
surface will be found in the following passages: “the first sign of 
the sea-serpent coming up was a rushing in the water ahead of 
the ship; at first we imagined it to be a whale spouting” (83), 
“attention was first directed to it by the broken action of the 
water” (126). Apparently this happened also in the animal of Cap- 
tain TREMEARNE (129). In the offer manner of coming to the sur- 
face, going upwards with great speed, a large portion of the animal 
is shown to the spectators: “it raised its head high above the 
surface (1, 31, 36), even so high that the foreflappers became 
visible (5, 121); “arising out of the depths of Ocean, stretches to 
the skies its enormous neck, masthead high” (p. 225); “it raised 
itself slowly and gracefully from the deep” (124), “it suddenly 
stood quite perpendicular out of the water to the height of sixty 
feet” (145); “a head and neck rose out of the water to a height 
of about twenty or thirty feet (149, 151, 152, see also fig. 19, 
