MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 471 



Chiefly inhabit Southern Europe and North- 

 ern Africa. 



XIV. ORDER.— Violals (Violates). 



Flowers monodichlamydeous ; placentae parietal 

 or sutural ; embryo straight ; albumen little or none. 



1. Family. — Tumerads (Turneraceae). Herbaceous 



or shrubby ; leaves alternate, exstipulate ; 

 flowers axillary; calyx 5-lobed, equal, aestiva- 

 tion imbricate ; petals five, mostly yellowish, 

 perigynous, equal, aestivation twisted ; sta- 

 mens five, alternate; ovary 1 -celled; placentae 

 parietal ; ovules 00, anatropal ; styles more or 

 less coherent, or forked ; stigmas multifid ; fruit 

 capsular, ] -celled, 3-valved ; albumen fleshy. 

 Found in South America and the West-Indies. 



2. Family — House-leeks (Crassulaceae). Herbs or 



shrubs, often succulent ; leaves entire or pin- 

 natifid, exstipulate ; flowers in cymes ; sepals 

 3-20 ; corolla gamopetalous, or petals 3-20 ; 

 stamens equal to, or twice as many as, 

 petals ; carpels same number as petals ; ovules 

 00, anatropal ; styles several or combined ; 

 stigmas pointed or 4-cornered ; fruit of se- 

 veral follicles ; albumen fleshy. Distribution 

 extended, occurring in very dry situations, as 

 on rocks, walls, fee. 



3. Family. — Sauvagesiads (Sauvagesiaceae). Shrubs 



or herbs ; leaves alternate, stipulate ; flowers 

 terminal, in panicles or racemes, light-co- 

 loured ; sepals, five, imbricated ; petals five ; 



