560 MANUAL OF NATUEAL HISTORY. 



which Kaup has referred to a supposed animal called 

 by him Cheirotherium. From the Keiiper of Ger- 

 many are derived the extinct fossil forms Mastodon- 

 saurus, Metopias, and Capitosaurus, belonging to 

 the same family of Lahyrinthodontidce, and from 

 the muschelkalk, Diacosaurus, Simosaurus, and 

 Pristosaurus, genera of the extinct family Ichthyo- 

 sauridce, have also been obtained. Chelonians have 

 left their foot-marks on slabs of New Red-Sandstone 

 in the quarries of Dumfriesshire, which have been 

 referred to Ghelichnus and Herpetichnus by Jar- 

 dine ; moreover, the genus Cladeiodon, one of the ■ 

 Lacertidce, is from the Keiiper of Warwickshire, 

 and the Rhynchosaurus, belonging to the same 

 family, is from Grinshill. Phytosaurus, the most 

 ancient Crocodile, is from the trias of Germany ; 

 and from the dolomitic conglomerate of Bristol we 

 have the lacertine genera Thecodontosaurus and 

 Palceosaurus. The fishes of this formation belong 

 principally to the ganoid family of Pycnodontidce 

 and to the Paloeoniscidce, lepidoid fishes, with rhom- 

 boid scales arranged in parallel lines and with 

 heterocercal tails. Among the mollusca the Cepha- 

 lopodic family, Ammonitidce, made its appearance 

 here under the form of the genus Geratites ; the bi- 

 valves Posidonia and Avicula also occurred. From 

 the muschelkalk, the echinodermatous Encrinus, 

 or Lily-Encrinite, is obtained. 



Among plants the epoch of the New Red-Sand- 

 stone formation was characterised by the appearance 

 of a few Gycadacece, and must have resembled in 



