584 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 



of the family Salamandridce, was found, and which 

 its discoverer mistook for a human skeleton; in 

 the same strata the Palceophilus, an extinct genus 

 of the Ranidce, or Frogs, is found ; and near Bonn, 

 the Palceobatrachus, belonging to the same family. 

 The Paris beds contain an extinct species oiPristis 

 or Saw -fish. 



In this formation those remarkable ossiferous 

 caves occur filled with the bones of mammals. 

 Among the mud of these ancient caverns in Eng- 

 land, France, Germany, Belgium, the coasts of the 

 Mediterranean, in North America, and in Australia, 

 the carnivorous Tiger, Hysena, Bear, Wolf, Fox, 

 and Weasel ; the pachydermatous Elephant, Rhi- 

 noceros, Hippopotamus ; the Horse ; and the rumi- 

 nant Ox, and Stag, have been exhumed. Garni- 

 vora are especially frequent in these bone-caves ; 

 as in Kirkdale, Kent's, and Creston Caves ; in Fran- 

 conia, and in parts of the Hartz. Here Bears of 

 the size of large horses, as the Ursus spelceus, 

 Hyaenas, Tigers, Otters, Badgers and Polecats, are 

 numerous. Among these are found bones of other 

 animals either of existing species, as the Reindeer, 

 Bed-deer, Goat, Wolf, and Fox, or associated with 

 extinct forms of the Ox, Horse, Rhinoceros, Hippo- 

 potamus, and Elephant. In Kent's cavern, a horse- 

 shoe Bat (Rhinolophus) has been discovered. The 

 fossil remains of several birds have also been found 

 in these ossiferous caves, as the rasorial genera 

 Gallus, Phasianus, JSTumida, and Crypturus ; the 

 grallatorial forms of Otis, Rallus, and Grex ; and 



