De ACROSS THE SUB-ARCTICS OF CANAD: 
and cold since leaving the woods, became decidedly 
colder. Toward the north end of the lake we passed 
great piles of rafted ice on the shore. Such conditions 
during the month of August were highly suggestive of © 
the character of climate which must exist here in the 
winter season. 
Near the outlet of Markham Lake was found an ex- 
ceptionally interesting little island. For weeks we had 
seen nothing but Laurentian or Huronian hills, but here 
was a solitary out-ler of white Cambrio-Silurian lime- 
stone. The size of the island was perhaps not more 
than ten acres, but its whole composition was quite 
different from anything in the district, and growing on 
it were found many entirely new varieties of plants. 
Several hours were spent here with fruitful results, and 
then as the shadows of evening were stealing from the 
rocky hills far across the lonely plains, we discovered, 
at the north end of the lake, our river, upon the bare 
high rocky bank of which we pitched camp. 
It is worthy of note that at this point some very old 
moss-¢rown “tepee” poles and fragments of birch bark 
were found, indicating clearly that in days gone by the 
spot had been visited by Indians, though it was now 
known to them only in legends. We had seen no recent 
traces of Indians since entering the Telzoa, but at some 
time they had descended thus far, and had camped on the 
same bald hill which we now occupied. There was more 
than sentiment to us in the fact, for from the old rotten 
poles, few and small though they were, we built a fire 
that gave us not a little comfort and cheer. 
On the 5th of August, after partaking of a hurried 
breakfast of venison—of which, by the way, our supplies 
