: 
. 
1885.] Comparative Physiology and Psychology. 9 
Dr. Spitzka, in commenting on the foregoing in the same jour- 
nal, June 25, 1881, says: 
“ There are some observations made by alienists which strongly tend to confirm 
Dr. Clevenger’s theory. It is well known that under pathological circumstances 
relations obliterated in higher development and absent in health, return and simulate 
conditions found in lower and even in primitive forms. 
An instance of this is the fica or morbid appetite of pregnant women and hyster- 
ical girls for chalk, slate pencils and other articles of an earthy nature. To some ex- 
tent this has been claimed to constitute a sort of reversion to the oviparous ancestry, 
which like the birds of our day sought the calcareous material required for the shell 
structure in their food (?). There are forms of mental perversion properly classed 
der the head of the degenerative mental states with which a close relation between 
the hunger appetite and sexual appetite became manifest. 
Under the heading “ Wollust, Mordlust, Anthropophagie”’ Kraft-Ebing describes 
a form of sexual perversion where the sufferer fails to find gratification unless he or 
she can bite, eat, murder or mutilate the mate. He refers to the old Hindoo myth 
of Civa and Durgé as showing that such observations in the sexual sphere were not 
unknown to the ancient races. He gives an instance where after the act the ravisher 
butchered his victim, and would have eaten a piece of the viscera; another where 
the criminal drank the blood and ate the heart, still another where certain parts of 
the body were cooked and eaten.} 
Nature, London, commenting on my article, quoted. “ Mulie- 
res in coitu nonnunquam So maris mordunt,” from Ovid, 
I suppose. 
The locomotory, which exhibits all the prehensile acts undif- 
ferentiated, is a product of a number of natural forces, and so far 
as we can speak of atoms having objects, the object of locomo- 
tion is food procuration. 
Prehension, locomotion, assimilation, growth, excretion, repro- 
duction are so combined as to appear inseparable, all are molecu- 
lar motions integrating to form mass motions, and the latter to 
facilitate the first. 
Keeping this in sight as a biological fact it will simplify subse- 
quent inquiry. 
Adjustment and readjustment of the animal perpetually occurs, 
the reaction of the protozoén upon its environment is possible 
only through the intimate structure of the animal having been 
modified by the environment, this ‘consists in molecular changes 
ending in mass changes. 
This tendency. is exhibited in the frequent appearance of a part 
unable to throw out pseudopodia, which gravitates to the rear 
1 Ueber gewisse Anomalien das Geschlechtstriebes. Von Kraft-Ebing. Arch. f. 
Psychiatrie, vit. 
