448 Kitchen Garden Esculents of American Origin. [ May, 
ever, mentioned by Barnaby Googe in 1572, which name indi- 
cates their previous introduction into France. In 1640 Parkin- 
son? says in his quaint form: “ There hath come likewise unto us 
and others both from Africa, Brasill, the East and West Indies, 
Virginia, &c., sundry other sorts and varieties which were endless 
to recite, or at least useless, but onely to behold and contemplate 
the wonderfull works of the Creator in those his creatures.” The 
mention of a Faseolus by Albert le Grand, which De Candolle 
takes to be a dwarf bean, may well apply to some species of Dol- 
ichos, probably D. umguiculaius L. There is no indication of an 
early introduction into India, as De Candolle remarks, and Wal- 
ter Elliot* says that P. vulgaris is not an article of field produce 
in Southern India nor of general use among the natives, its cul- 
ture being confined to gardens near European settlements. 
The evidence for the antiquity of the bean in America is both 
circumstantial and direct. The number of names given in the 
northern parts of America alone indicate an antiquity of culture, 
such as sahe or sahu on the St. Lawrence (Cartier), ogaressa by 
the Hurons (Sagard), éwppuhguam-ash, “twiners,’ by the North- 
ern Algonquins (Elliot), a’teba’kwe by the Abenaki of the Ken- 
nebec (Rasle), mushaquissedes by the Pequods (Pres. Stiles), mal- 
achxil by the Delawares (Zeisberger), ofindgier on the Roanoke, 
etc.; and in these few cases, for illustration, we find no common 
root. The number of varieties that were grown by the Indians 
are also another indication of antiquity of culture, but this fact of 
varieties will receive illustration in our quotations from early voy- 
agers. 
John Verarzanno, in a letter written in July, 1524, says of the 
Indians of Norum Bega: “ Their ordinairie foode is of pulse, 
whereof they have great store, differing in colour and taste from 
ours, of good and pleasant taste.” Evidently this first visitor to 
the New England coast had never seen kidney-beans previously.’ 
In 1605 Champlain, writing of the Indians of the Kennebec 
-region says: “ With this corn they put in each hill three or four 
Brazilian beans (Febues du Bresil), which are of different colors. 
_ When they grow up they interlace with the corn which reaches 
* Bot. Soc. of Edinb., VII, 291. 
_ *Hakluyt. Divers Voyages to Am., p. 61, 
