1885. | and their former range Southward. - 473 
fore they had ever found their way to Greenland, were hunting 
seals on the coast of Newfoundland, and caribou in the forest,” 
for these events did actually happen in Newfoundland, or at least 
there are traces of Eskimo residence in large numbers at Chateau 
bay in 1765, of their repeated crossing over to Newfoundland, 
and of their learning a few French words from the French settlers. 
At all events the facts we here present should induce our New 
England and Canadian archzologists to make the most careful 
examination of the’ shell-heaps about the mouth of the St. Law- 
rence, and on the shores of Northern and Southern Nova Scotia, 
as well as Maine and Northern Massachusetts for traces of Es- 
kimo occupation. 
Facts seem to confirm the early belief of the Greenland Danish 
and Moravians that the Labrador Eskimo were an older people 
than those who migrated into Greenland. In the extracts from 
the appendix to Cranch’s History of Greenland given farther on, 
we shall see that the Eskimo of these two regions differed in their 
dress and kayaks, differences we have personally noticed. 
Whether the Labrador Eskimo are an older stock than those 
living directly north of Hudson’s bay we cannot say. Crantz, 
- however, remarks: “ As early then as the year 1800 our mission- 
aries learned from the reports of Northlanders, who visited their 
settlements, that the main seat of the nation was on the coast and 
islands of the north, beyond Cape Chudleigh.” Crantz, in a note, 
(xv1) also claims: “There can be no hesitation in affirming that 
Greenland was peopled from Labrador, not Labrador from Green 
land,” 
The theory that the Eskimo entered America by way of Be 
ring strait, now generally received, was thus stated by Crantz 
in 1767: “ Our Greenlanders it should seem having settled in Tar- 
tary after the grand dispersion of the nations, were gradually im- 
pelled northward by the tide of emigration, till they reached the 
extreme corner of Kamtschatka, and finding themselves disturbed 
even in these remote seats, they crossed the strait to the neighbor- 
ing continent of America. * * * Our savages then retired 
before their pursuers across the narrow strait, either by a direct 
navigation, or by a more gradual passage from island to island, to 
America, where they could spread themselves without opposi- © 
tion through the unoccupied wastes round the south-east part of 
Hudson’s bay, or through Canada up to the northern ocean. And 
