1885. ] The Relations of Mind and Matter. 849 
tion of this matter. The belief in the material basis of mind, 
indeed, has become a somewhat developed idea. It has of late 
years grown a more and more widely accepted opinion with scien- 
tists that the brain is the organ of mind, that mental conditions 
_ are motor affections of the matter of the brain, and that they can 
persist only during the persistence of the brain as a functional 
organ, and must return into the realm of unspecialized motions 
on the disintegration of the brain. Before considering this ques- 
tion it was necessary to obtain some idea of the general princi- 
ples of relation between matter and motion, and of the conditions 
under which alone motion could be retained in a local mass of 
matter in a persistent and specialized phase. 
In addition to a widely entertained opinion among scientists 
upon this subject, several authors have made it the special theme 
of their works, and have brought all the conclusions of anatomi- 
cal and physiological science and the principles of the correlation 
and conservation of force in support of their argument that the 
brain is the only and sufficient mental organ. Of the authors 
who have treated the subject from this point of view may be 
named Bastian and Maudsley of England, Luys of France, and 
Moleschott, Vogt, Biichner and Haeckel of Germany. Many 
other authors might be named who have dealt with it more or 
less directly, prominent among these being Huxley. The con- 
verse has also been taken by several authors, yet none of them 
can be said to have squarely met the arguments of their oppo- 
nents, and the most of them have dealt with it in the old and 
vague metaphysical method. So far as a scientific treatment of 
the question goes, the brain-mind theorists seem to have the best. 
of the argument. And yet to the present writer their arguments 
seem the reverse of satisfactory, and their theories to need much 
Stronger lines of evidence before they can be made self- 
sustaining, 
That the brain is intimately and constantly concerned in the 
manifestations of the mind, no one will deny. But that it is 
alone concerned is far from being proved. The theories pro- 
posed by the several authors are the following: Huxley declares 
_ that sensation and consciousness are in some inexplicable way 
caused by molecular changes in the brain. This belief is based 
on the facts that thought and motion seem inextricably related, 
that every thought is accompanied by brain waste, that heat 
