1000 General Notes. [October, 
their different changes of form; necessity of the increase in the 
number of orders based on the structure of the mouth-parts; 
relations of the parts of the thorax; relation of the thorax to 
the hind-body (1. Value ‘of the relations of the abdomen to the 
thorax and organs of locomotion. 2. Ancestral forms, retrograde 
developments); genealogy; deceptive similar adaptive forms of 
different orders give the delusive appearance of a common de- 
scent or of a union in a single order; basis of the establishment 
of a peculiar (eigenen) order; the nymph as the stopping place 
(anhaltspunkt) for genealogical researches; the larva and geneal- 
ogy ; homologies of the nymph stages; relation and similarities 
between the ametabolic and metabolic insects ; registered or artifi- 
cial orders ; how valuable the secondary or primitive larval forms 
may be to the systematist ; orthognath and hypognath larva and 
imago ; -what points are to be considered in the use of the larve 
in classification; systematic characters of the same; characters 
taken from the structure of the nervous system; relations of 
the young form to the grown-up animal within the limits 
of a single order which are important for the determination 
of the grades of development; Packard’s superorders; posi- 
tion of the sixteen series of forms not connected by interme- 
diate links; relation of the allied series in different direc- 
tions ; view of the groups considered as orders ; supposed greater 
allied groups ; and, finally, the characteristics of the subclasses 
and orders of insects. 
Professor Brauer claims that exact researches on the existing 
insécts lead to the establishment of sixteen groups, or orders, 
which are not connected by intermediate types. “The path to a 
common ancestral form is interrupted in many places. More-. 
over, fossil remains do not fill up the gaps.” The fossils yet dis- 
covered show, he adds, that our so-called orders of insects have 
a high antiquity, for we find in the Paleozoic strata typical repre- 
sentatives, and indeed highly developed forms; he adds, emphat- 
ically, that there are no connecting types between the orders now 
in existence. He regards Dohrn’s Eugereon as a synthetic type, 
but not Scudder’s Atocina, Homothetidz, Xenoneuridz, Palzop- 
terina, Hemeristina, or Goldenberg’s Palzodictyoptera, which he 
considers as belonging to existing orders, remarking that “the 
collection of oldest known insects consists of genuine Orthoptera 
Sei Phasmide, Mantide); of amphibiotic Orthoptera 
Odonata and indeed, perhaps, Gomphidz, which were related to 
Stenophlebia, in the Devonian), genuine Neuroptera (Sialide in 
- the onian), and Rhynchota (Fulgoridæ), which differ only 
generically from the forms now living; or even, taking into 
_ account the more general generic characters, belonging to forms 
Brauer, after further suggestive remarks on the relations of the 
t insects to the existing orders, maintains that there are too 
