44 Geology and Palmontology. I 
site views of French and German geologists relative to the relations 
between the structure and age of eruptive rocks. While French 
geologists have, by long study of the eruptive rocks of France, come 
to the conclusion that their structure shows indubitable traces of the 
youth, maturity, and old age of the earth, the German school has 
from its studies concluded that there is no relation between the • 
structure of eruptive rocks and their age, but that all varieties may 
have been produced at any time in the « orld's history. Mr. Ber- 
trand believes that the fact that, in the Tertiary period, a series of 
ancient textures n-appeared in consequence of the long period of re- 
pose that preceded that period, may be brought in to reconcile the 
two beliefs. If there was one such recurrence, others, greater or 
less, may have occurred from similar causes. Still, M. Bertrand 
believes that there are variations between these recurrences, and 
sets himself the task of explaining them. 
*' All the eruptions of the same period (in Europe) are grouped 
around their corresponding chain, the most ancient around the 
Caledonian or in the more' northern regions; those of the Permian 
and Carboniferous around the Hercynian chain, those of the Terti- 
ary round the Alps. If the entire globe is studied, at every age 
rocks of all compositions and structures will be found, which bears 
out the idea of the German school; but if the same zone is studied,^ 
details of structure in relation with the age of the rocks can be found." 
M. Bertrand consi'^ers the continent of Europe to be formed of 
four zones, each of which exhibits its series of folds. These zones 
are: (1) the Huronian, which has its principal European extension 
in Russia, Finland, and Sweden ; (2) the Caledonian, which oc- 
cupies Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and Norway, thus introducing itself 
wedge-like into the sinuous outline of the Huronian ; (3) the Her- 
cynian or Carboniferous, the northern edge of which, in both 
Europe and America, is marked by a line of coal measures ; (4) 
the Alpine, comprehending the Pyrenees. Alps, Carpathians, and 
Balkans. By a curve in its outline the Hercynian mass takes in 
the A^-turias and the central plateau of Spain. Mr. Bertrand gives 
diagrams of the distribution of the zones in Europe, of their folds, 
and of the masses of eruptive rocks connected with them, and enters 
into details regarding the separate masses. 
Pal/EOzoic— Charles Barrels notes the presence in the Pyrenees 
of a species of Oldhamia found in the palaeozoic schists in the de- 
partment of Haute-Garonne. The new species is named 0. hove- 
lacquei. The presence of this species, distinct from 0. (nitiqims, dis- 
covered by Oldham in Ireland in 1844, proves the existence of the 
Cambrian age in the Pyrenees. 
M. D. P. Oehlert describes some Devonian Acephala (Aviculidse) 
found in the Devonian strata of France. Three new forms of 
Pterinea, five of Avicula, one of Palaeoneilo, and two of Modio- 
morpha are added to those previously known. 
