Primitive ArcJiitecture. 29 
larger material than is possible or even desirable in individual dwell- 
ings, as is shown in the huge pieces of bark covering the Ojibwa 
wig-e-wam, and the Iroquois Long House. Finally, it should be 
noted that communism sometimes produces remarkable changes in 
the appearance of the dwelling. Perhaps the most noteworthy in- 
stance is the village of the Yakut nation of Southern California,^ 
consisting of a row of conical or wedge-shaped wig-e-wams, with a 
continuous awning of brushwood in front. 
Although the changes produced by communism are of a limited 
nature on the exterior of the dwelling, it causes a great variety in 
the interior. First of all, we note variation in the number of par- 
titions and in their construction. Some dwellings, as those of the 
Dakotas and of the Tupis— the latter containing from 20 to 30 
families— are without any partition whatever. Others, as those of 
the Chinooks, have partitions in the larger houses— 80 families— 
but none in the smaller. Then come partial partitions ; some, as 
in the elliptical lodges of the Kutchin tribe, radiating towards a cen- 
tral open space; others, as in the Iroquois Long House, having side 
partitions only. Finally, there are complete partitions, separate cabins 
under the same roof. These last are found in the houses of New 
Guinea,^ huge edifices containing cabins of bamboo 10 feet square, 
with doors at the side and a fireplace between every two cabins. 
The Mishmis,^^ with similar dwellings, have a fireplace in each com- 
partment. 
Quite as much variety is found in the distribution of the passage- 
ways. First, none at all, as in the Kutchin lodges; next, a*straight 
aisle down the middle, as in the Iroquois Long House. Differing 
from this only in position are the liouses of the Mishmis, with a 
passage along one side, and the Kareens,* who form a passage all 
around the house. Finally, there is a perfect maze of passages, as 
in the dwellings of the Brokpas.^ 
A similar evolution is found in the arrangement and number of 
the fireplaces. Many, as with the Powhatans and Dakotas, the 
Kutchins and the Mandans,« have but a single fire in the centre of 
the dwelling. Others, again, as the Iroquois "' and the Uraupes, 
' Morgan, 107. 
' Jukes, Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H. M. S. Fly, 272, 
' Griffith in Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, vi., 333. 
* Mason in Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xxxvii., Pt. 126. 
* Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xlvii., Pt. 1, 34. 
* Morgan, 136. 
' lb., 65. 
