28 Primitive Architecture. 
In addition the whole village is fortified. To the same cause may 
be attributed the peculiar villages of the Tupis, which consist of 
several houses arranged with their entrances opening on a common 
court, and the whole surrounded with a strong palisade. 
The greater facilities communism affords for obtaining subsist- 
ence led the Iroquois to adopt that form of life. Those residing in 
villages lived in common, all partaking- of the common store, while 
the venturous brave who went out after food lived a solitary life. 
To the same reason may be probably attributed the all but universal 
custom of communism among the North American Indians. 'J'he 
natives of Guiana furnish a curious variation of the women and chil- 
dren living in a detached cook-house. 
In the far north cold has produced communism. The desire for 
greater warmth induced the Kamtschatdales, the Ostyaks ^ and the 
Esquimaux ^ to live in common during the long, cold months of 
winter, while light cool dwellings suffice for their abode in summer. 
In studying the effect of communism on the structure of the 
dwelline^s, we note, first, that all communistic houses are very much 
larger than those intended for single families. They are of all sizes, 
from the Ojibwa wig-e-wam ^ for two or three families, up to the 
immense Long House of New Guinea, 30 x 300 feet and more, or the 
American Pueblo of a thousand rooms. As the size varies with the 
number of the inhabitants, so does the construction. The greater 
the number of people engaged in erecting a building, the greater 
the care taken and the better will be the materials used. • Such is 
found to be the case with the dwellings of the Clatsops and Chi- 
nooks,^ the walls of which are of white boards sunk in the ground, 
with a roof of timber fastened by cords of cedar bark and covered 
with two or three ranges of light poles. The Long House of the 
Seneca-Iroquois is another example. It is formed of a strong double 
frame of poles, with either a triangular or a semi-circular roof, en- 
closing large strips of elm bark, tied to it with strings or splints.^ 
The Esquimaux furnish even a more striking instance, for the huge 
blocks of snow and ice used in their dwellings cannot be moved 
without the assistance of many men. The great care taken in the 
construction of communal dwellings is further shown by the use of 
